Table 5.
Reports on the Application and Use of ICG in the Pediatric Population
| Reference | Cohort Demographics | Summary of Intraoperative Care and Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Fernández-Bautista8 | Five pediatric patients for varicocele ligation, nephrectomy, cholecystectomy, and aortocoronary fistula closure. | Surgical dissection facilitated by the use of ICG. No adverse systemic effects. |
| Calabro9 | Twenty-nine patients, 6–18 yr of age, operated for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. | ICG fluorescent cholangiography was used intraoperatively to define the extrahepatic biliary anatomy and the bile ducts. Average surgical time was reduced by 16 min with use of ICG. |
| Esposito10 | ICG was used in 46 minimally invasive surgical procedures in children and adolescents. | Varicocele repairs (n = 30), cholecystectomies (n = 5), tumor excisions (n = 3), nephrectomies (n = 3), partial nephrectomies (n = 2), and lymphoma excisions (n = 3). ICG solution was administered intravenously in all cases except for varicocelectomy in which it was injected into the testicle. The ICG injection was performed intraoperatively in all cases except for cholecystectomy in which it was injected 18 hr prior to the procedure. No adverse or allergic reactions to ICG were reported. |
| Quintero11 | A prospective study of 48 patients <18 yr of age with ALF. | ICG-PDR was measured to assess hepatic function every 24 hr until ALF resolution, liver transplantation, or death. The ICG-PDR was found to successfully predict the evolution of pediatric patients with ALF and improve their categorization. |
| Esposito12 | Retrospective review of 215 children undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy over a 25-yr period. | ICG-enhanced fluorescence technology was adopted intraoperatively in 15 cases to visualize and identify the gallbladder and biliary tree. The operative time after its implementation was reported to decrease by 17 min. |
| Yamamichi13 | Three pediatric patients with hepatoblastoma. | ICG fluorescence imagining used intraoperatively in all 3 cases to help visualize the anatomy and guide tumor resection. The technique allowed identification of nodules as small as 3 mm. |
ALF, acute liver failure; ICG, indocyanine green; PDR, plasma disappearance rate