Table 2. Association between handgrip and metabolic syndrome and its components in men and women.
| Men (N=2535) | Women (N=2521) | ||||||||||||
| Tertiles of handgrip strength per body weight (kg/ kg) (range) | P for trendc | Tertiles of handgrip strength per body weight (kg/ kg) (range) | P for trendc | ||||||||||
| Level 1 (0.13, 0.48) | Level 2 (0.48, 0.60) | Level 3 (0.60, 1.13) | level 1 (0.11, 0.36) | Level 2 (0.36, 0.46) | Level 3 (0.46, 0.77) | ||||||||
| No. of participants (%) | 31.80 | 34.33 | 33.86 | 33.44 | 34.73 | 31.83 | |||||||
| No. of participants with metabolic syndrome (%) | 61.50 | 37.24 | 11.84 | <0.0001 | 65.11 | 32.60 | 10.08 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Crude model | Reference | 0.37 (0.28, 0.50) b | 0.08 (0.06, 0.12) | <0.0001 | Reference | 0.26 (0.21, 0.32) | 0.06 (0.04, 0.09) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Adjusted model a | Reference | 0.45 (0.33, 0.62) | 0.13 (0.08, 0.20) | <0.0001 | Reference | 0.35 (0.27, 0.46) | 0.12 (0.08, 0.18) | <0.0001 | |||||
| No. of participants with elevated waist circumference (%) | 75.88 | 40.28 | 6.67 | <0.0001 | 95.28 | 71.05 | 22.00 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Crude model | Reference | 0.21 (0.16, 0.28) | 0.02 (0.02, 0.03) | <0.0001 | Reference | 0.12 (0.08, 0.20) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Adjusted model a | Reference | 0.22 (0.17, 0.29) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.03) | <0.0001 | Reference | 0.14 (0.09, 0.23) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | <0.0001 | |||||
| No. of participants with elevated triglycerides (%) | 56.85 | 40.68 | 22.90 | <0.0001 | 53.63 | 29.76 | 16.44 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Crude model | Reference | 0.52 (0.39, 0.70) | 0.23 (0.17, 0.30) | <0.0001 | Reference | 0.37 (0.29, 0.47) | 0.17 (0.12, 0.24) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Adjusted model a | Reference | 0.67 (0.46, 0.98) | 0.39 (0.28, 0.53) | <0.0001 | Reference | 0.52 (0.40, 0.69) | 0.40 (0.28, 0.58) | <0.0001 | |||||
| No. of participants with lower HDL (%) | 29.14 | 25.21 | 17.47 | <0.0001 | 42.05 | 30.27 | 19.38 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Crude model | Reference | 0.82 (0.63, 1.07) | 0.51 (0.36, 0.73) | 0.0004 | Reference | 0.60 (0.48, 0.74) | 0.33 (0.26, 0.43) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Adjusted model a | Reference | 0.81 (0.61, 1.08) | 0.51 (0.34, 0.76) | 0.0013 | Reference | 0.49 (0.38, 0.6) | 0.22 (0.15, 0.33) | <0.0001 | |||||
| No. of participants with elevated blood pressure (%) | 56.77 | 40.05 | 22.38 | <0.0001 | 58.03 | 31.49 | 14.68 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Crude model | Reference | 0.51 (0.37, 0.70) | 0.22 (0.17, 0.28) | <0.0001 | Reference | 0.33 (0.27, 0.41) | 0.13 (0.10, 0.16) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Adjusted model a | Reference | 0.70 (0.49, 0.99) | 0.37 (0.28, 0.50) | <0.0001 | Reference | 0.49 (0.34, 0.69) | 0.33 (0.23, 0.48) | <0.0001 | |||||
| No. of participants with elevated fasting glucose (%) | 65.16 | 51.63 | 33.98 | <0.0001 | 56.09 | 34.56 | 17.55 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Crude model | Reference | 0.57 (0.44, 0.74) | 0.28 (0.22, 0.35) | <0.0001 | Reference | 0.41 (0.32, 0.53) | 0.17 (0.13, 0.22) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Adjusted model a | Reference | 0.71 (0.52, 0.96) | 0.44 (0.32, 0.61) | <0.0001 | Reference | 0.56 (0.42, 0.75) | 0.33 (0.25, 0.45) | <0.0001 | |||||
a. Logistic regression adjusted for age, race, drinking status, smoking status, education level, income, total energy intake, and physical activity.
b. Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) (all such values).
HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
c. P for trend was analysed by multiple logistic regression analysis.