Table 1.
Participant Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
| No. (%) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Integrated Stepped Alcohol Treatment (n=49) | Treatment as Usual (n=46) | ||
| Men | 49 (100.0) | 45 (97.8) | 0.48 | |
| Race | 0.39 | |||
| White | 8 (16.3) | 3 (6.5) | ||
| Black | 40 (81.6) | 41 (89.1) | ||
| Other | 1 (2.0) | 2 (4.4) | ||
| Hispanic | 4 (8.2) | 0 (0) | 0.12 | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 59.7 (6.3) | 61.7 (7.8) | 0.16 | |
| Education | 0.24 | |||
| High school or less | 24 (49.0) | 17 (37.0) | ||
| >High school | 25 (51.0) | 29 (63.0) | ||
| Married or domestic partner | 10 (20.4) | 9 (19.6) | 0.36 | |
| Employment statusa | 0.47 | |||
| Employed | 17 (34.7) | 14 (30.4) | ||
| Retired/disability | 24 (49.0) | 27 (58.7) | ||
| Unemployed or unable to work | 8 (16.3) | 4 (8.7) | ||
| AUDIT-C score, mean (SD)b | 2.94 (1.81) | 3.11 (1.69) | 0.64 | |
| Other substance use, past 30 daysc | ||||
| Smoke cigarettes | 21 (42.9) | 25 (56.8) | 0.18 | |
| Cannabis | 13 (26.5) | 8 (18.2) | 0.34 | |
| Cocaine | 3 (6.1) | 5 (10.9) | 0.48 | |
| Heroin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | |
| Prescription opioids | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.2) | 0.99 | |
| Comorbid conditions and biomarkers | ||||
| Hepatitis C co-infectiond | 36 (73.5) | 26 (59.1) | 0.14 | |
| FIB-4 score> 1.45e,f | 40 (81.6) | 41 (91.1) | 0.18 | |
| Depressive symptomsg | 7 (14.3) | 6 (13.0) | 0.86 | |
| HIV related measures | ||||
| VACS Index, median (range)f,h | 33 (5, 99) | 42 (5, 116) | 0.09 | |
| Detectable HIV viral loadf,i | 13 (26.5) | 13 (28.9) | 0.80 | |
| CD4 cell count, cells/mm3, median (range)f | 572 (186, 1221) | 521 (16, 1258) | 0.33 | |
Employment status, employment during past 3 years: assessed based on the Addiction Severity Index Lite-CF55
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) scores range from 0 to 12.
Other substance use, past 30 days: assessed based on item “Do you know smoke cigarettes (as of 1 month ago)?” and the Addiction Severity Index Lite-CF55
Hepatitis C coinfection status – based on positive antibody and detectable HCV RNA viral load
FIB-4 score – a noninvasive measure of liver fibrosis calculated based on aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and platelets with scores greater than 1.45 concerning for liver fibrosis
Laboratory testing performed within 30 days prior to randomization date
Depressive symptoms determined using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 with score >9 defined as having depressive symptoms56
VACS index – validated measure of morbidity and mortality risk57
Detectable HIV viral load – defined as ≥50 copies/mL