Table 3.
Cox regression model of major adverse cardiovascular events at 4‐years of follow‐up
| Variables | HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Age (45‐64 as referent) | |
| 65‐74 | 1.19 (1.09‐1.29) |
| 75‐84 | 1.90 (1.75‐2.05) |
| ≥85 | 3.07 (2.81‐3.35) |
| Female | 0.98 (0.94‐1.03) |
| Vascular beds (RFO as referent) | |
| CAD only | 1.21 (1.14‐1.29) |
| CVD only | 1.60 (1.48‐1.73) |
| PAD only | 1.13 (1.05‐1.22) |
| CAD + CVD | 1.58 (1.40‐1.79) |
| CAD + PAD | 1.44 (1.29‐1.59) |
| CVD + PAD | 1.68 (1.44‐1.95) |
| CAD + CVD + PAD | 1.87 (1.53‐2.28) |
| Risk factors | |
| Carotid stenosis | 1.01 (0.95‐1.07) |
| CKD stage 3 or worse | 1.23 (1.15‐1.31) |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.23 (1.17‐1.30) |
| Diabetes | 1.11 (1.05‐1.18) |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 1.08 (0.94‐1.23) |
| Hypertension with treatment | 1.18 (0.95‐1.46) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 0.94 (0.83‐1.06) |
| Smoker | 1.35 (1.22‐1.49) |
| Oral anticoagulation (none as referent) | |
| Warfarin | 0.80 (0.76‐0.85) |
| NOAC | 0.78 (0.73‐0.84) |
| Medications | |
| ACEI or ARB | 1.02 (0.97‐1.07) |
| β‐blocker | 1.06 (1.01‐1.12) |
| Calcium channel blocker | 1.04 (1.00‐1.09) |
| Diuretics | 1.02 (0.97‐1.08) |
| P2Y12 inhibitor | 1.29 (1.22‐1.37) |
| Statin | 0.90 (0.81‐1.01) |
| Metformin | 1.00 (0.94‐1.07) |
| Alpha glucosidase inhibitor | 1.26 (0.84‐1.89) |
| DPP4 inhibitors | 1.03 (0.93‐1.13) |
| GLP1 agonists | 0.87 (0.71‐1.06) |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 1.73 (1.10‐2.72) |
| Sulphonylureas or glinides | 1.07 (1.00‐1.15) |
| Thiazolidinediones | 0.90 (0.76‐1.07) |
| Insulin | 1.50 (1.40‐1.61) |
Abbreviations: ACEI or ARB, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker; CAD, coronary artery disease; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; NOAC, non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants; PAD, peripheral artery disease; RFO, risk factors only.