Table 3.

Subgroup analysis of the impact of proton pump inhibitor use on mortality and liver cancer in patients with chronic liver disease

Subgroup	Studies, n	PPI users, n	Nonusers, n	Random effects, Risk Ratio [95% CI]	Effect, P-value	I2	Heterogeneity, P-value
Proton pump inhibitor use and liver cancer
Liver disease
Non-cirrhotic patients with HBV or HCV	3	13,244	13,266	1.45 [1.03, 2.03]	0.03	72%	0.03
Cirrhotic patients	3	5,878	134,328	1.14 [0.32, 4.01]	0.84	83%	<0.01
Follow-up
1 year or less	2	7,492	7,492	1.22 [0.97, 1.52]	0.08	0%	0.83
More than 1 year	2	11,298	140,020	2.34 [1.98, 2.77]	<0.01	42%	0.19
Region
Asia	3	13,037	141,738	1.57 [0.89, 2.74]	0.12	94%	<0.01
Study design
Cohort study	3	13,244	13,266	1.45 [1.03, 2.03]	0.03	72%	0.03
Proton pump inhibitor use and mortality
Liver disease
Patients with cirrhosis	7	2,378	5,009	1.59 [1.23, 2.06]	<0.01	73%	<0.01
Follow-up
1 year or less	3	1,606	4,554	1.20 [0.97, 1.48]	0.09	54%	0.11
More than 1 year	5	786	547	2.05 [1.63, 2.58]	<0.01	0%	0.77
Region
Asia	3	1,324	4,524	1.43 [1.08, 1.89]	0.01	60%	0.08
Non-Asia	5	1,168	577	1.69 [1.12, 2.54]	0.01	75%	0.003

HBV: hepatitis B virus, HCV: hepatitis C virus