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. 2020 May 18;15:3523–3537. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S237008

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© 2020 Yang et al.

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High-glucose conditions inhibited cell adhesion on different modified Ti surfaces. (A–C) The surface topography of different modified titanium (Ti) surfaces by scanning electron microscope: (A) mechanical polishing surface (MP), (B) sandblasted and acid-etched surface (SLA), and (C) TiO₂ nanotubes surface (TNT). (D, E) Cell adhesion assay on different modified Ti surfaces under different glucose concentrations after 1 and 3 h of incubation. High glucose inhibited cell adhesion on the SLA or TNT surfaces. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.