Figure 1.

Cigarette smoke (CS) induces necroptosis in macrophages. (A) After pretreated with NEC-1 (50 μM) or vehicle, BMDMS were incubated with 2% CSE for 24h, and cell death was determined by CCK8 assay. (B and C) Mice were exposed to CS for 1 months, and the number of total inflammatory cells and CXCL1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured.(D and E) Protein expression of RIPK3 in alveolar macrophages isolated from mice exposed to room air or whole-body CS is measured by Western blotting analysis. (F and G) Time-dependent expression of RIPK3 and RIPK1 in BMDMs treated with 1%CSE. Data are mean ± SEM of 3 independent experiments. Western blot data are representative of 3 independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 (Student’s t-test).

Abbreviations: CS, Cigarette smoke; BMDMs, bone marrow–derived macrophages; CSE, cigarette smoke extract; SEM, standard error of the mean.