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. 2020 Feb 21;58(3):377–387. doi: 10.1007/s12016-020-08779-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

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Fig. 3 — Cytokines, exogenous chemical components, and a variety of microbes can activate MCs. The mediator releasing pattern depends on engaged receptors including TLRs, complement receptors, and cytokine receptors. MCs respond to a variety of microbes by expressing surface receptors to recognize the pathogens, i.e., MCs respond to the presence of Coxiella burnetii by CD36 and TLR4 and release neutrophil elastase/cathelicidin attached to actin filaments around the Coxiella burnetii to confine the infection