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. 2020 May 22;10:8548. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65464-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Electrical activity in the pig heart immobilized by the frame in situ and recorded by optical mapping using di-4-ANBDQBS under physiological blood circulation. Atrial pacing with a 500-ms period was applied. The metal frame was fixed to the heart surface, mostly on the right ventricle. Maps of the activation time, OAPD50 and repolarization time are presented in (a–c). The numbers near the isochrones show the activation time, OAPD50 and repolarization time in ms. The interval between isochrones is 5 ms for the activation time and 10 ms for the OAPD50 and repolarization time. Optical action potentials (OAPs) were obtained from 5 × 5 pixels at different locations of the right ventricle (RV1, RV2), as indicated by asterisks in map (a) and presented in (d). The amplitude of the OAPs is given as a percentage with respect to the background (ΔF/F). The mapping area was 40 × 40 mm.