Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with ACLF and non-ACLF.
| Characteristic | EASL | COSSH | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-ACLF (n = 367) | ACLF (n = 432) | Non-ACLF (n = 274) | ACLF (n = 525) | ||
| Age (years) | 48.0 (19.0) | 51.0 (19.0)* | 49.5 (21.0) | 50.0 (18.0) | 0.092 |
| Male, no. (%) | 309 (84.2) | 338 (78.2)* | 214 (78.1) | 433 (82.5) | 0.099 |
| Aetiology | |||||
| HBV, no. (%) | 328 (89.4) | 351 (81.2)* | 229 (83.6) | 450 (85.7) | 0.063 |
| Alcohol, no. (%) | 17 (4.6) | 26 (6.0) | 22 (8.0) | 21 (4.0)† | 0.150 |
| HBV + Alcohol, no. (%) | 4 (1.1) | 16 (3.7)* | 2 (0.7) | 18 (3.4)† | 0.819 |
| Others, no. (%) | 18 (4.9) | 39 (9.0)* | 21 (7.7) | 36 (6.9) | 0.214 |
| Complications | |||||
| Ascites, no. (%) | 281 (76.6) | 364 (84.3)* | 209 (76.3) | 436 (83.0)† | 0.614 |
| GI hemorrhage, no. (%) | 18 (4.9) | 60 (13.9)* | 29 (10.6) | 49 (9.3) | 0.027§ |
| Bacterial infection, no. (%) | 47 (12.8) | 84 (19.4)* | 47 (17.2) | 84 (16.0) | 0.163 |
| Laboratory data | |||||
| Albumin, g/L | 31.3 (6.1) | 30.8 (6.1) | 30.8 (6.8) | 31.1 (5.8) | 0.237 |
| ALT, U/L | 191.0 (420.0) | 230.0 (533.0) | 175.0 (519.5) | 229.0 (482.5)† | 0.897 |
| AST, U/L | 144.0 (288.5) | 190.0 (365.0)* | 146.0 (374.8) | 173.0 (302.5) | 0.364 |
| ALP, U/L | 131.0 (46.0) | 134.0 (56.0) | 125.0 (53.5) | 136.0 (50.5)† | 0.334 |
| TB, μmol/L | 258.0 (200.8) | 372.0 (219.2)* | 161.8 (80.5) | 358.0 (157.8)† | 0.177 |
| γ-GT, U/L | 94.0 (83.0) | 78.0 (74.0)* | 101.5 (88.5) | 78.0 (74.0)† | 0.945 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 65.0 (19.0) | 75.0 (49.0)* | 66.5 (24.0) | 67.0 (23.0) | <0.001§ |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 138.0 (4.0) | 137.0 (6.0)* | 138.0 (5.3) | 137.0 (4.0)† | 0.858 |
| INR | 1.8 (0.4) | 2.6 (1.0)* | 1.8 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.8)† | <0.001§ |
| WBC, 109/L | 6.0 (3.4) | 7.0 (4.6)* | 6.0 (3.5) | 6.8 (4.2)† | 0.282 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 126.0 (26.5) | 121.0 (31.0) | 121.5 (33.0) | 125.0 (27.0)† | 0.071 |
| Hematocrit, % | 35.8 (8.3) | 34.8 (9.0)* | 35.1 (10.1) | 35.4 (8.5) | 0.221 |
| Platelet, 109/L | 101.0 (72.5) | 99.0 (74.0) | 100.5 (81.3) | 100.0 (70.0) | 0.622 |
| C reactive protein, mg/L | 11.9 (10.5) | 12.0 (12.5) | 11.9 (15.4) | 12.0 (10.5) | 0.921 |
| Alpha fetoprotein, μg/L | 89.7 (256.5) | 42.4 (131.8)* | 38.1 (224.1) | 76.5 (211.4)† | <0.001§ |
| Ferritin, μg/L | 1779.1 (2411.7) | 2653.9 (3799.8)* | 1813.3 (2745.0) | 2574.9 (3473.9)† | 0.985 |
| Organ failure | |||||
| Liver, no. (%) | 268 (73.0) | 411 (95.1)* | 154 (56.2) | 525 (100.0)† | <0.001§ |
| Kidney, no. (%) | 0 (0.0) | 90 (20.8)* | 19 (6.9) | 71 (13.5)† | 0.003§ |
| Cerebral, no. (%) | 2 (0.5) | 100 (23.1)* | 22 (8.0) | 80 (15.2)† | 0.002§ |
| Coagulation, no. (%) | 11 (3.0) | 315 (72.9)* | 78 (28.5) | 248 (47.2)† | <0.001§ |
| Circulation, no. (%) | 1 (0.3) | 72 (16.7)* | 19 (6.9) | 54 (10.3) | 0.004§ |
| Lung, no. (%) | 0 (0.0) | 62 (14.4)* | 15 (5.5) | 47 (8.9) | 0.009§ |
| Hepatic encephalopathy grade I or II | 12 (3.3) | 143 (33.1)* | 31 (11.3) | 59 (11.2) | <0.001§ |
| Severity score | |||||
| COSSH ACLFs | 5.2 (0.6) | 6.3 (1.5)* | 5.4 (1.0) | 5.8 (1.3)† | <0.001§ |
| CLIF-C ACLFs | 37.7 (8.7) | 49.6 (15.0)* | 37.5 (12.1) | 44.2 (13.9)† | <0.001§ |
| CLIF-SOFA | 8.0 (1.0) | 11.0 (3.0)* | 8.0 (2.0) | 10.0 (2.0)† | <0.001§ |
| MELD | 19.9 (5.4) | 27.4 (7.7)* | 18.1 (6.1) | 23.5 (6.4)† | 0.109 |
| MELD-Na | 21.4 (5.4) | 28.4 (7.7)* | 19.6 (5.7) | 25.2 (6.0)† | 0.108 |
| iMELD | 3.5 (0.9) | 5.8 (4.2)* | 3.6 (1.8) | 4.3 (2.8) | <0.001§ |
| Transplant-free mortality | |||||
| 28-day, no. (%) | 37 (10.1) | 217 (50.2)* | 59 (21.5) | 195 (37.1)† | <0.001§ |
| 90-day, no. (%) | 44 (12.0) | 247 (57.2)* | 68 (24.8) | 223 (42.5)† | <0.001§ |
| Cirrhosis | 210 (57.2) | 269 (62.3) | 176 (64.2) | 303 (57.7) | 0.153 |
§p < 0.05, ACLF patients, EASL-ACLF vs. COSSH-ACLF.
*p < 0.05, patients with EASL definition, Non-ACLF vs. ACLF.
†p < 0.05, patients with COSSH definition, Non-ACLF vs. ACLF.