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. 2020 May 22;10:8498. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65290-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Proportion of cause-specific mortality (± standard error) of black bears monitored by telemetry in North America (n = 536 mortalities from 31 studies) from the meta-analysis. *Non-harvest anthropogenic is any mortality directly caused by humans that excluded harvest. **Harvest mortality in non-harvested populations is a result of individuals moving outside the non-harvest areas where they were collared.