Table 2.

Effect of ZnO NPs on different crop plants.

Plants	NP Concentration in soil/water	NP size(nm)	Effects	References
Macrotyloma uniflorum	2–100 mg/L	50	Delayed germination time	54
Fagopyrum esculentum	10–2,000 mg/L	<50 nm	Decreased the biomass content	55
Bean	500 mg/kg	<100 nm	Reduced root growth	56
Soybean	500 mg/kg	<100 nm	Ceased seed production	57
Glycine max	2,000 and 4,000 mg/L	55–70	Genotoxic	58
Lettuce	10 mg/kg	41–48	Enhanced the photosynthesis and biomass	59
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba	10 mg/kg	67	Increased its biomass, shoot-root length, length, chlorophyll content, and total soluble leaf protein	60
Triticum aestivum	20 mg/L	<100 nm	Increased grain yield and increase in shoot dry weight.	61
Arachis hypogaea L.	400 and 1000 mg/L	25–100	Improvement in the germination rate and seedling vigor index	62
Tomato and egg plants	1.0 mg/mL	38–46	Boost plant defence and yield	63
Effect of ZnO NPs on Brassica species.
Brassica nigra	500 to 1500 mg/L	<100 nm	Reduced seed germination and seedling growth	64–66
Brassica napus	10 to 250 mg/L	155 ± 10	Chlorosis at high concentration	12
Brassica juncea	10–30 μg/ml	11 nm	Increased germination and chlorophyll biosynthesis rate along with low ROS production at 20 μg/ml.	(Present Study)
			At 30 μg/ml germination rate, chlorophyll biosynthesis decreases and ROS production increases.