Table 2.
Multivariate regression analyses of factors associated with cannabis use in adolescents using nationwide representative school based survey data of the years 2003 to 2015 in Chile shown as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
| 2003 |
2005 |
2007 |
2009 |
2011 |
2013 |
2015 |
2017 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Individual level | ||||||||||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||||||
| Girls | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Boys | 1.27 | 1.17–1.38 | 1.30 | 1.19–1.42 | 1.43 | 1.32–1.55 | 1.19 | 1.09–1.29 | 1.38 | 1.24–1.53 | 1.4 | 1.30–1.51 | 1.15 | 1.07–1.24 | 1.32 | 1.22–1.42 |
| Age (years) | 1.23 | 1.19–1.27 | 1.37 | 1.32–1.41 | 1.17 | 1.14–1.21 | 1.15 | 1.12–1.19 | 1.15 | 1.10–1.20 | 1.1 | 1.07–1.14 | 1.06 | 1.03–1.09 | 1.04 | 1.01–1.06 |
| Age (years) at first use of alcohol | 0.98 | 0.96–1.01 | 0.95 | 0.93–0.98 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.01 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 1.03 | 1.01–1.08 |
| Age (years) at first use of tobacco | 0.91 | 0.88–0.93 | 0.90 | 0.88–0.93 | 0.91 | 0.89–0.93 | 0.92 | 0.90–0.94 | 0.92 | 0.89–0.95 | 0.94 | 0.92–0.97 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.96 | 0.94–0.99 |
| Alcohol use in the past month | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Yes | 1.94 | 1.71–2.19 | 1.99 | 1.77–2.25 | 1.84 | 1.65–2.04 | 1.73 | 1.56–1.93 | 1.77 | 1.56–2.01 | 1.65 | 1.53–1.79 | 1.61 | 1.49–1.74 | 1.79 | 1.65–1.94 |
| Tobacco use in the past month | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Yes | 2.84 | 2.54–3.17 | 3.03 | 2.71–3.39 | 2.75 | 2.50–3.03 | 2.64 | 2.38–2.92 | 2.23 | 1.99–2.50 | 2.69 | 2.50–2.90 | 2.41 | 2.24–2.59 | 2.44 | 2.26–2.64 |
| Perceived risk of cannabis use | ||||||||||||||||
| High | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Low | 2.70 | 2.38–3.06 | 2.79 | 2.40–3.24 | 2.63 | 2.38–2.91 | 2.13 | 1.93–2.35 | 3.05 | 2.57–3.63 | 3.09 | 2.82–3.36 | 2.70 | 2.48–2.94 | 2.67 | 2.44–2.93 |
| School performance | ||||||||||||||||
| High | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Low | 1.21 | 1.12–1.32 | 1.27 | 1.16–1.39 | 1.19 | 1.10–1.29 | 1.25 | 1.15–1.35 | 1.26 | 1.14–1.40 | 1.2 | 1.12–1.30 | 1.17 | 1.09–1.26 | 1.19 | 1.10–1.29 |
| Truancy | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Yes | 1.89 | 1.75–2.05 | 1.73 | 1.58–1.88 | 1.96 | 1.81–2.12 | 1.69 | 1.56–1.84 | 1.46 | 1.31–1.62 | – | – | 1.37 | 1.27–1.47 | 1.25 | 1.16–1.36 |
| Days of sport activities in a week | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.97 | 0.95–0.99 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.04 | 1.02 | 1.00–1.04 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | – | – |
| Friends regularly using alcohol | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Yes | 1.33 | 1.13–1.57 | 1.36 | 1.16–1.60 | 1.14 | 0.97–1.33 | 1.17 | 0.98–1.39 | 0.76 | 0.64–0.91 | 0.93 | 0.83–1.04 | 0.73 | 0.65–0.82 | 1.10 | 0.98–1.24 |
| Friends regularly using cannabis | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Yes | 6.16 | 5.63–6.75 | 5.37 | 4.90–5.90 | 5.49 | 4.98–6.05 | 5.52 | 4.99–6.12 | 3.92 | 3.48–4.43 | 3.98 | 3.63–4.36 | 3.48 | 3.15–3.84 | 2.91 | 2.64–3.21 |
| Educational level of father | ||||||||||||||||
| Uncompleted secondary level | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Completed secondary level | 0.96 | 0.86–1.06 | 0.94 | 0.84–1.05 | 1.05 | 0.95–1.16 | 0.97 | 0.88–1.08 | 1.07 | 0.93–1.24 | 1.14 | 1.04–1.26 | 1.03 | 0.94–1.13 | 1.01 | 0.92–1.12 |
| Completed higher education | 0.98 | 0.86–1.10 | 0.93 | 0.82–1.06 | 1 | 0.89–1.13 | 0.97 | 0.86–1.09 | 0.95 | 0.81–1.11 | 1.11 | 0.99–1.25 | 0.98 | 0.88–1.10 | 1.09 | 0.97–1.22 |
| Educational level of mother | ||||||||||||||||
| Uncompleted secondary level | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Completed secondary level | 1.14 | 1.03–1.27 | 0.99 | 0.89–1.11 | 1.08 | 0.98–1.18 | 1.02 | 0.93–1.13 | 0.94 | 0.82–1.08 | 1.1 | 1.00–1.21 | 1.07 | 0.97–1.17 | 1.11 | 1.00–1.23 |
| Completed higher education | 1.15 | 1.02–1.30 | 0.94 | 0.82–1.07 | 1.03 | 0.92–1.17 | 0.95 | 0.84–1.08 | 0.93 | 0.79–1.10 | 1.05 | 0.93–1.18 | 1 | 0.89–1.11 | 1.01 | 0.90–1.13 |
| Marital status of the parents | ||||||||||||||||
| Parents living together | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Separated parents | 1.28 | 1.15–1.42 | 1.17 | 1.05–1.30 | 1.26 | 1.14–1.38 | 1.18 | 1.07–1.29 | 1.14 | 1.01–1.29 | 1.15 | 1.06–1.25 | 1.16 | 1.07–1.26 | 0.87 | 0.71–1.06 |
| Single | 1.34 | 1.13–1.57 | 1.18 | 0.97–1.43 | 1.11 | 0.90–1.36 | 1.24 | 1.03–1.49 | – | – | 1.27 | 1.03–1.55 | 0.87 | 0.76–1.00 | 1.17 | 1.07–1.27 |
| Widow(er) | 1.10 | 0.86–1.40 | 1.03 | 0.75–1.43 | 0.95 | 0.73–1.23 | 0.96 | 0.75–1.23 | 0.91 | 0.69–1.21 | – | – | 0.96 | 0.79–1.16 | 1.03 | 0.89–1.20 |
| Other | 1.09 | 0.89–1.34 | 1.12 | 0.87–1.44 | 0.98 | 0.81–1.19 | 1.19 | 0.99–1.43 | 1.08 | 0.87–1.34 | 1.11 | 0.96–1.29 | 0.86 | 0.71–1.05 | 1.08 | 0.87–1.34 |
| Parental acquaintance with friends | ||||||||||||||||
| High | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Low | 1.19 | 1.07–1.32 | 1.22 | 1.08–1.37 | 0.98 | 0.89–1.09 | 1.06 | 0.95–1.17 | 1.09 | 0.94–1.26 | 0.93 | 0.85–1.03 | 1.05 | 0.95–1.16 | 1.03 | 0.93–1.15 |
| Parental rejection of alcohol use | ||||||||||||||||
| High | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Low | 1 | 0.89–1.12 | 0.97 | 0.85–1.10 | 0.99 | 0.88–1.12 | 1.14 | 1.00–1.29 | 1.29 | 1.04–1.59 | 1.04 | 0.89–1.20 | 0.99 | 0.86–1.14 | 0.95 | 0.82–1.11 |
| Parental rejection of cannabis use | ||||||||||||||||
| High | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Low | 1.19 | 1.04–1.36 | 1.06 | 0.92–1.24 | 1.31 | 1.14–1.51 | 1.28 | 1.10–1.49 | 1.96 | 1.40–2.76 | 1.97 | 1.59–2.43 | 1.77 | 1.49–2.10 | 2.07 | 1.73–2.49 |
| Intraclass correlation coefficient | ||||||||||||||||
| Schools | 0.155 | 0.197 | 0.153 | 0.121 | 0.109 | 0.121 | 0.105 | 0.114 | ||||||||
| Funding of the schools | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.002 | ||||||||