Table 1.

Most relevant findings about lipid and protein oxidation biomarkers.

Specimen	Method of detection	Healthy vs. COPD	In COPD stages
MDA
Blood	Spectrophotometry following reaction with TBA	↑ [15–35, 38–40]/nd [46–54]	↑ [16, 19, 38, 40–42]/nd [30]
	HPLC following reaction with TBA	↑ [36, 37]
	Spectrophotometry following reaction with methyl-phenylindole	↑ [55–57]	↑ [55, 56]
	HPLC	↑ [58, 59]
Urine	HPLC following reaction with TBA	↑ [43]
EBC	LC-MS following derivatization with DNPH	↑ [60]
	HPLC following reaction with TBA	↑ [44]/nd [45]	↑ [44]
Sputum	LC-MS following derivatization with DNPH	↑ [60]
	HPLC following reaction with TBA	↑ [45]
	Spectrophotometry following reaction with TBA	↑ [31]
Diaphragm muscle biopsies	HPLC	↓ [61]
8-Isoprostane
Blood	Specific enzyme immunoassay	↑ [63]
Urine	GC/MS assay	↑ [69]
	Enzyme immunoassay	↑ [70]
EBC	Enzyme immunoassay	↑ [63–66]	↑ [66]/nd [64]
Sputum	Enzyme immunoassay	↑ [68]
Lipid peroxides
Blood	Spectrophotometry using solution containing cholesterol-iodide	↑ [55]
	Spectrophotometry following reaction with peroxidase	↑ [62]
Coniugated dienes
Blood	Spectrophotometry	↑ [17, 55]
Oxidized LDL
Blood	Specific enzyme immunoassay	↑ [62]
Ethane
EBC	Gas chromatography	↑ [67]
Protein carbonyls
Blood	Spectrophotometry following reaction with DNPH	↑ [19, 25, 26, 30, 55, 56, 72]/nd [73]	↑ [55]/nd [19, 26, 30]
	Immunochemistry following reaction with DNPH	↑ [41, 74, 75]/nd [76]
	Selective radioactive labeling with tritiated borohydride	↑ [50]	↑ [50]
Diaphragm muscle biopsies	Immunochemistry following reaction with DNPH	↑ [77]
Quadriceps muscle biopsies	Immunochemistry following reaction with DNPH	↑ [76, 78, 79]
AOPP
Blood	Spectrophotometer	↑ [22, 30]/nd [47]	nd [30]

↑ indicates increased levels; ↓ indicates decreased levels; nd: no difference.