Table 2.
Most relevant findings about other oxidative biomarkers.
| Specimen | Method of detection | Healthy vs. COPD | In COPD stages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reactive oxygen species (O2 − in blood and H 2 O 2 in EBC) | |||
| Blood | Chemiluminescence | ↑ [47, 48, 74] | |
| Enzymatic assays | ↑ [22, 26, 29] | ||
|
| |||
| EBC | Enzymatic assays | ↑ [43, 64, 83] | ↑ [43, 64, 83] |
| d-ROMs test exhalation kit | ↑ [85] | ||
|
| |||
| Total oxidant status | |||
| Blood | Determination of ferrous iron (Fe2+) by colorimetric methods | ↑ [22, 86–89] | |
| d-ROMs test | ↑ [90, 91] | ||
|
| |||
| Oxidatively damaged DNA | |||
| Blood | Comet assay | ↑ [25, 30, 92] | |
| Quantification of 8-oxodG with ELISA | nd [75, 93] | ||
| Quantification of 8-oxodG with HPLC | nd [37] | ||
|
| |||
| Urine | Quantification of 8-oxodG with ELISA | ↑ [43, 94]/nd [96] | |
| Quantification of 8-oxodG with HPLC-MS | ↑ [95] | ↑ [95] | |
| Quantification of guanine-derived products with LC-MS/MS | ↑ [97] | ||
|
| |||
| Sputum | Quantification of 8-oxodG with ELISA | ↑ [93] | |
|
| |||
| Peroxinitrite | |||
| Blood | Evaluation of nitrophenol formation | nd [30] | |
|
| |||
| EBC | Oxidation of a fluorescein | ↑ [98] | |
|
| |||
| Tyrosine nitration | |||
| Blood | ELISA | nd [76] | |
|
| |||
| Sputum | Immunocytostaining with antisera | ↑ [99] | |
| HPLC | ↑ [100] | ||
|
| |||
| BALF | ELISA | ↑ [101] | |
|
| |||
| Bronchial biopsies | ELISA | nd [75] | |
|
| |||
| Diaphragm muscle biopsies | Immunochemistry | nd [61, 77] | |
|
| |||
| Quadriceps femoris muscle biopsies | Immunochemistry | ↑ [76, 78, 102] | |
↑ indicates increased levels; ↓ indicates decreased levels; nd: no difference.