Table 4.
Risk Factors Associated with UTI Among Pregnant Women Reviewed from Asia and Africa from 2005 to 2016
| First Author | Continent | Significantly Associated with Bacteriuria | Not Significantly Associated with Bacteriuria |
|---|---|---|---|
| Derese15 | Africa | Past history of UTI, family monthly income ≤500 birr and 501–1000 birr, age groups of 25–34 years, and educational level | History of catheter, History of antibiotics, Parity, gestational age |
| Jenifer36 | Asia | – | Gestational diabetes, past UTI, multiparity, advanced maternal age, lower education level, advanced gestational age and lower socioeconomic status. |
| Labi39 | Africa | Being frequently sexually active during pregnancy | Educational status, parity, gestational age, marital status and the number of fetuses carried, sexual frequency |
| Sibi19 | Asia | Age group between 25–34 years, High sexual activities, recent use of diaphragm with spermicide | Gestational age of pregnancy |
| Thapa21 | Asia | Parity, education status, occupation of pregnant women, times of bathing, history of UTI | Age group, pregnancy Trimester, Smoking habit |
| Vaijanathrao3 | Asia | – | Gestational diabetic mellitus, Gestational age |
| Oli22 | Africa | Educational level, | Gestational age |
| Alemu14 | Africa | History of catheterization and previous history of UTI | Maternal age, address, parity, gravidity, trimester, occupation, marital status, education |
| Turpin25 | Africa | Gestational age | Parity |
| Hamdan27 | Africa | – | Age, gestational age, parity, and history of UTI |
| Mokube28 | Africa | – | Gravidity, parity |
| Andabati31 | Africa | – | Education level, Marital status, Smoking, Alcohol, Gravidity, Antibiotic (oral/injectable) used in the previous two weeks, gestational age |
| Sharifa32 | Asia | Age, gravidity | History of previous abortions |
| Okon23 | Africa | Tertiary education, third trimester, multi-gravidity, multiparity | - |
| Manjula20 | Asia | Gestational age, parity, age group | - |
| Haider37 | Asia | Illiteracy (Educational status), history of sexual activity, low socioeconomic (monthly income < Rs. 10,000/month) group, past history of UTI and multiparity | Age group, haemoglobin level |
| Enayat38 | Asia | Hemoglobin level | Age, gravidity, Parity, |
| Thairu24 | Africa | Age group, fever, previous symptoms of UTI, gestational age, | Gravidity |
| Masinde34 | Africa | Low socioeconomic status | Maternal age, parity, gestational age, occupation, marital status, educational level |