Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics by Race-Ethnicity and Nativity Status (N=6,581)
| US-born Hispanics (N=242) |
Foreign-born Hispanics (N=204) |
US-born Blacks (N=663) |
US-born Whites (N=5,472) |
p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | |||||||||
| Functional limitations (count: 0–5) | 0.421 | * | 0.676 | * | 0.502 | * | 0.288 | †^ʷ | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms (count: 0–8) | 1.875 | * | 1.935 | * | 1.646 | * | 1.186 | †^ʷ | <0.001 |
| Metabolic dysregulation (count: 0–6) | 2.921 | * | 2.868 | † | 3.191 | *ʷ | 2.633 | †^ | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (log+1) | 1.209 | † | 1.396 | * | 1.381 | *^ | 1.142 | †ʷ | <0.001 |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Age | 68.024 | *†ʷ | 69.615 | *^ | 69.553 | *^ | 71.108 | †^ʷ | <0.001 |
| Gender (1=female) | 0.564 | 0.598 | 0.650 | * | 0.571 | † | 0.055 | ||
| Marital status (1=married or partnered) | 0.662 | † | 0.609 | *† | 0.458 | *^ʷ | 0.696 | †ʷ | <0.001 |
| Died (1=yes) | 0.123 | 0.122 | 0.127 | 0.112 | 0.725 | ||||
| Socioeconomic factors | |||||||||
| Education | |||||||||
| <HS | 0.448 | *†ʷ | 0.625 | *†^ | 0.370 | *^ʷ | 0.108 | †^ʷ | <0.001 |
| High school | 0.274 | 0.184 | 0.299 | 0.398 | |||||
| Some college | 0.190 | 0.123 | 0.219 | 0.238 | |||||
| BA+ | 0.088 | 0.067 | 0.112 | 0.255 | |||||
| Household wealth (dollars) | 247,745 | *† | 159,394 | * | 144,045 | *^ | 586,128 | †^ʷ | <0.001 |
| Domain-specific stressors | |||||||||
| Lifetime traumas (range: 0–1) | 0.175 | 0.131 | 0.154 | 0.157 | 0.334 | ||||
| Stressful events (range: 0–1) | 0.064 | * | 0.046 | 0.056 | 0.044 | ^ | 0.038 | ||
| Financial strain (range: 0–5) | 2.603 | *† | 2.646 | * | 2.823 | *^ | 2.321 | †^ʷ | <0.001 |
| Ongoing chronic strains (range: 0–4) | 1.553 | * | 1.574 | * | 1.555 | * | 1.478 | †^ʷ | <0.001 |
| Everyday discrimination (range: 0–6) | 1.783 | *ʷ | 1.479 | †^ | 1.788 | *ʷ | 1.634 | †^ | 0.007 |
| Major discrimination (range: 0–1) | 0.088 | † | 0.060 | † | 0.127 | *^ʷ | 0.068 | † | <0.001 |
| Health behaviors | |||||||||
| Smoking | |||||||||
| Never smoker | 0.431 | *ʷ | 0.538 | *†^ | 0.389 | *ʷ | 0.443 | †^ʷ | <0.001 |
| Former smoker | 0.432 | 0.354 | 0.382 | 0.455 | |||||
| Current smoker | 0.137 | 0.107 | 0.229 | 0.102 | |||||
Notes: Weighted descriptive statistics. The last column of the table indicates the p-value of overall race/ethnic/immigration status differences (chi-square test). Symbols indicate the statistical significance of the difference in means between the respective group and: US-born Whites (*p<0.05), US-born Blacks (†p<0.05), US-born Hispanics (^p<0.05), and foreign-born Hispanics (ʷp<0.05). Sample size for covariates based on analytic sample for functional limitations (N=6,581). Sample size for outcome measures reflect analytic samples for the multivariate analyses: functional limitations (N=6,581); depressive symptoms (N=6,436), metabolic dysregulation (N=3,412); and CRP (N=3,853). For time-varying measures, means/proportions indicate the average score for each respondent over all waves for which they have valid data.