Table 3.
Race-Ethnicity, Nativity Status, and the Social Determinants of Trajectories of Depressive Risk (2006–2012)(N=6,436)
| Basic Adj. | M1+SES | M1+Stressors | M1+Behav. | Fully Adj. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
| IRR | IRR | IRR | IRR | IRR | |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |
| For the intercept | |||||
| Racial/ethnic/immigrant disparity (White is ref.) | |||||
| US-born Hispanics | 1.751*** | 1.482*** | 1.566*** | 1.750*** | 1.391*** |
| (1.474 – 2.080) | (1.250 – 1.757) | (1.340 – 1.829) | (1.475 – 2.077) | (1.192 – 1.623) | |
| Foreign-born Hispanics | 1.629*** | 1.256* | 1.520*** | 1.659*** | 1.255** |
| (1.350 – 1.964) | (1.040 – 1.518) | (1.283 – 1.802) | (1.377 – 1.999) | (1.057 – 1.491) | |
| US-born Blacks | 1.350*** | 1.157** | 1.177** | 1.322*** | 1.052 |
| (1.209 – 1.507) | (1.036 – 1.292) | (1.063 – 1.303) | (1.185 – 1.475) | (0.950 – 1.165) | |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||
| Gender (1=female) | 1.254*** | 1.207*** | 1.232*** | 1.301*** | 1.227*** |
| (1.168 – 1.346) | (1.126 – 1.295) | (1.154 – 1.316) | (1.211 – 1.398) | (1.148 – 1.312) | |
| Marital status (1=married or partnered) | 0.626*** | 0.649*** | 0.710*** | 0.645*** | 0.728*** |
| (0.588 – 0.666) | (0.610 – 0.691) | (0.669 – 0.754) | (0.606 – 0.686) | (0.686 – 0.772) | |
| Died (1=yes) | 1.816*** | 1.674*** | 1.665*** | 1.743*** | 1.543*** |
| (1.621 – 2.036) | (1.496 – 1.874) | (1.500 – 1.848) | (1.556 – 1.953) | (1.392 – 1.711) | |
| Socioeconomic factors | |||||
| Education (HS is reference) | |||||
| <HS | 1.416*** | 1.373*** | |||
| (1.278 – 1.568) | (1.251 – 1.508) | ||||
| Some college | 0.964 | 0.950 | |||
| (0.884 – 1.051) | (0.877 – 1.028) | ||||
| BA+ | 0.658*** | 0.717*** | |||
| (0.599 – 0.722) | (0.658 – 0.782) | ||||
| Total household wealth | 1.000*** | 1.000 | |||
| (1.000 – 1.000) | (1.000 – 1.000) | ||||
| Stress exposure | |||||
| Lifetime traumas | 1.632*** | 1.421** | |||
| (1.296 – 2.054) | (1.131 – 1.785) | ||||
| Stressful life events | 0.743* | 0.801 | |||
| (0.556 – 0.993) | (0.602 – 1.066) | ||||
| Financial strain | 1.232*** | 1.172*** | |||
| (1.185 – 1.281) | (1.126 – 1.220) | ||||
| Ongoing chronic strains | 2.076*** | 2.115*** | |||
| (1.910 – 2.258) | (1.947 – 2.297) | ||||
| Everyday discrimination | 1.209*** | 1.203*** | |||
| (1.156 – 1.265) | (1.151 – 1.257) | ||||
| Major discrimination | 0.940 | 1.099 | |||
| (0.744 – 1.188) | (0.871 – 1.386) | ||||
| Health behaviors | |||||
| Smoking (never smoker is ref.) | |||||
| Former smoker | 1.150*** | 1.082* | |||
| (1.068 – 1.237) | (1.012 – 1.157) | ||||
| Current smoker | 1.573*** | 1.219*** | |||
| (1.406 – 1.760) | (1.101 – 1.351) | ||||
| For the slope | |||||
| Age | 0.973*** | 0.970*** | 0.989* | 0.974*** | 0.987** |
| (0.963 – 0.983) | (0.960 – 0.981) | (0.979 – 0.999) | (0.964 – 0.985) | (0.977 – 0.997) | |
| For the quadratic slope | |||||
| Age2 | 1.001*** | 1.001*** | 1.001*** | 1.001*** | 1.001*** |
| (1.000 – 1.001) | (1.000 – 1.001) | (1.000 – 1.001) | (1.000 – 1.001) | (1.000 – 1.001) | |
| Model fit statistics | |||||
| AIC | 47786.3 | 47567.8 | 46767.4 | 47727.0 | 46605.8 |
***
p<0.001
**
p<0.01
*
p<0.05
Notes: N=6,436; total observations=16,770. Results based on mixed effects negative binomial regression models with random intercepts. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals reported. Only fixed effects parameters displayed. Depressive symptoms assessed in 2008–2012. Age, age2, marital status, and wealth are time-varying covariates measured in 2006–2012. Died indicates whether respondent died during observation period. All other covariates are time-constant and measured at baseline.