Table 2.
Self-reported outcomes assessed at baseline and 6-week follow-up
| Domain | Measure | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pain-related disability | RMDQ [21–23] | 24 items on ability to perform everyday tasks, range 0–24, higher scores indicate higher pain-related disability |
| LBP intensity, average past week | NRS [24] | LBP intensity rated on an NRS, range 0–10, higher scores indicate higher LBP intensity |
| Fear-avoidance | FABQ [25, 26] | 5 items on LBP and physical activity, range 0–24, higher scores indicate higher fear-avoidance beliefs |
| Self-efficacy | PSEQ [27, 28] | 10 items on confidence to cope with LBP, range 0–60, higher scores indicate higher confidence |
| Work ability | WAI [29] | Single item on work ability rated on a NRS, range 0–10, higher scores indicate better work ability |
| Physical functioning | PSFS [30, 31] | Participants identify up to 2 important activities and rate the ability to perform these activities, range 0–10, higher scores indicate better functioning |
| Health-related QoL | EQ-5D [32] | 5 items (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression) and a 100-mm vertical VAS on health, higher scores indicate better health |
| Mental health | PHQ-8 [47] | 8 items on symptoms of depression, range 0–24, higher scores indicate higher level of depressive symptoms |
| Perceived stress | PSS [33] | 10 items on perception of stress, range 0–40, higher scores indicate higher level of perceived stress |
| Illness perception | BIPQ [34] | 8 items on perception of how LBP interferes with everyday life, range 0–80, higher scores indicate more threatening perception of LBP |
| No. of pain sites | Pain mannequin | No. of body sites with current pain, range 0–9, including the following body regions: neck, shoulders, upper back, elbows, lower back, wrists/hands, hips/thighs, knees, and ankles/feet. |
| Activity limitation | 2 items (yes/no) on whether LBP has reduced activity during work and/or leisure | |
| Leisure time physical activity | SGPALS [35] | 4 categories ranging from sedentary to regular hard physical activity |
| Sleep | 4 items (problems falling asleep, waking up repeatedly, waking up too early, and daytime sleepiness), range 0–12, higher scores indicate more severe sleep problems | |
| Satisfaction | PASS [36] | Single item on whether an acceptable symptom state has been achieved (yes/no). Assessed only at 6-week follow-up |
| Perceived effect | GPE [37] | Single item on perception of effect from the intervention, scored on balanced scale ranging from “very much worse” to “very much better.” Assessed only at 6-week follow-up |
RMDQ Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, LBP low back pain, NRS numerical rating scale, FABQ fear avoidance-belief questionnaire; PSEQ pain self-efficacy questionnaire, PSFS Patient Specific Functional Scale, PSS Perceived Stress Scale, QoL quality of life; EQ-5D EuroQoL 5 dimensions, VAS visual analogue scale, BIPQ brief illness-perception questionnaire, PHQ-8 Patient Health Questionnaire, WAI work ability index, SGPALS Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale, PASS patient acceptable symptom state, GPE global perceived effect