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The emergence of cattle specialist C. jejuni coincides with modern intensive livestock farming. Graph of the estimated number of domestic cattle (blue circles) on Earth from 1850 to 2010 (Inset box from 10000 BC to 2000 AD) based upon data from refs. 24–27. Time-scaled phylogeny of 41 C. jejuni isolates showing dating estimates of the ST-61 complex emergence with ST-5161 as an outgroup, indicated as a gray line. The MRCA of ST-61 and ST-5161 was estimated.
