Table 1.
Summary of studies that reported the incidence of co- and secondary infection among COVID-19 patients.
| Study | City, country | No. of patients with COVID-19 reported | No (%) of co–or secondary infection |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virus | Bacteria | Fungus | Total | |||
| Huang et al.11 | Wuhan, China | 41 | Not mentioned | 4 (9.8) | ||
| Chen et al.12 | Wuhan, China | 99 | 0 | 1 (1.0%) | 4 (4.0): Candida albicans (n = 3) and C. glabrata (n = 1) |
5 (5.1) |
| Arentz et al.13 | United States | 21 (critically ill) | 3 (14.3) | 1 (4.8) | 0 | 4 (19.0) |
| Chen et al.14 | Wuhan, China | 29 | 0 | 1 (3.4) | 0 | 1 (3.4) |
| Wang et al.15 | Wuhan, China | 104 | 6 (5.8): coronavirus (n = 3), influenza A virus (n = 2), rhinovirus (n = 2), and influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (n = 1) |
0 | 0 | 6 (5.8) |
| Wu et al.16 | Wuhan, China | 201 (acute respiratory distress syndrome) | 1 (0.6): influenza A virus | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.6) |
| Young et al.17 | Singapore | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Zhou et al.18 | Wuhan, China | 191 | 27 (50) of 54 non-survivors with secondary infections | |||
| Ding et al.19 | Wuhan, China | 115 | 5 (4.3): influenza A virus (n = 3) and influenza B virus (n = 2) | 0 | 0 | 5 (4.3) |
| Kim et al.20 | Northern California, United States | 116 | 24 (20.7): rhinovirus/enterovirus (n = 8), RSV (n = 6), other coronaviridae (n = 5), parainfluenza (n = 3), metapneumovirus (n = 2), and influenza A (n = 1) | 0 | 0 | 24 (20.7) |
| Xing et al.21 | Qingdao and Wuhan, China | 68 | Influenza A (n = 18), influenza B (n = 16), and RSV (n = 1) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 8) and Legionella pneumophila (n = 6) | 0 | 25 (36.8) |
| Li et al.22 | Wuhan, China | 40 (children) | 4 (10.0): influenza A or B virus (n = 3) and adenovirus (n = 1) | 14 (35.0): M. pneumoniae (n = 13) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 1) | 0 | 18 (45) |
| Richardson et al.23 | New York, United States | 5700 | 39 (1.95): Rhinovirus/enterovirus (n = 22), other coronaviridae (n = 7), RSV (n = 4), parainfluenza 3 (n = 3), metapneumovirus (n = 2), and influenza A (n = 1) | 3 (0.15): Chlamydophila pneumoniae (n = 2) and M. pneumoniae (n = 1) | 0 | 42 (2.1) |
| Zangrillo et al.24 | Milan, Italy | 73 (acute respiratory distress syndrome) | Bacterial pneumonia (n = 9, 17.2%) and secondary bacteremia (n = 27, 37.0%) | |||