Table 1.
Treatment interventions currently being evaluated for the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) globally
| Therapeutic intervention | Countries | No. of trials | No. of RCTs (% of trials per intervention) | Additional agents tested in the same interventional arm |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCMs | China | 92 | 61 (66.3) | IFNα, LPV/r, ribavirin, chloroquine, umifenovir, ulinastatin |
| Antimalaria drugs (hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, dihydroartemisinin piperaquine) | China, France, Germany, Mexico, Norway, Spain, Brazil, Canada | 35 | 30 (85.7) | Azithromycin, LPV/r, DRV/r or c, favipiravir, oseltamivir, umifenovir, IFNα |
| Lopinavir ± ritonavir (LPV ± r) | China, Thailand, Hong Kong, UK, Europe, South Korea, Canada | 32 | 30 (93.8) | Chloroquine, IFNα, IFNβ, novaferon, thymosin a1, FTC/TAF, ribavirin, ebastine, oseltamivir, favipiravir, TCM |
| Cell therapy | China, USA, Brazil, Jordan | 30 | 19 (63.3) | Ruxolitinib |
| Interferon (IFNα, IFNα2β, IFNβ, rSIFN-co) | China, UK, Hong Kong, Europe | 22 | 21 (95.4) | Umifenovir, dihydroartemisinine piperaquine, TCM, bromhexine, favipiravir, LPV/r, ribavirin, ebastine, danoprevir/r, thalidomide, methylprednisolone, TTF2 |
| Anti-IL-6 mAb (tocilizumab, sarilumab) | China, Italy, France, Switzerland, Denmark, USA, Canada, Global | 13 | 8 (61.5) | Favipiravir, adalimumab |
| Dietary/Supportive | China, Egypt | 14 | 12 (85.7) | N/A |
| Corticosteroids | China, UK, Italy | 11 | 9 (81.8) | IFNα umifenovir, thalidomide |
| Umifenovir | China | 11 | 11 (100) | novaferon, IFNα, IFNα2β, dihydroartemisinine piperaquine, bromhexine, favipiravir, thalidomide, methylprednisolone |
| Convalescent plasma | China, Italy | 10 | 6 (60) | N/A |
| Adjuvant device | China | 10 | 3 (30) | N/A |
| Favipiravir | China, Thailand | 9 | 9 (100) | Tocilizumab, bromhexine, IFNα, umifenovir, (hydroxy)chloroquine, LPV/r, DRV/r |
| Remdesivir | Global, Europe, USA, China | 8 | 7 (87.5) | Hydroxychloroquine |
| Ventilation/Oxygenation strategies | China | 7 | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Macrolides (azithromycin, carrimycin) | China, Brazil, Denmark | 4 | 4 (100) | Hydroxychloroquine |
| Inhaled gases | China, USA, Italy | 4 | 4 (100) | N/A |
| JAK inhibitors (jakotinib, ruxolitinib, baricitinib) | China, Italy, Canada | 4 | 2 (50) | Cell therapy, ritonavir |
| ACE inhibitor/ARBs | China, USA | 3 | 2 (66.7) | N/A |
| Azvudine | China | 3 | 1 (33.3) | N/A |
| Danoprevir/ritonavir | China | 3 | 3 (100) | IFN |
| Darunavir/cobicistat (DRV/r) | China, Thailand | 3 | 3 (100) | Thymosin a1, oseltamivir, hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir |
| Pirfenidone | China | 3 | 3 (100) | N/A |
| Anti-PD-1 mAb | China | 3 | 3 (100) | N/A |
| Oseltamivir | Thailand, China | 3 | 3 (100) | Hydroxychloroquine, DRV/r, LPV/r |
| Thymosin a1 | China | 3 | 3 (100) | DRV/c, LPV/r |
| Adalimumab | China | 2 | 2 (100) | Tocilizumab |
| Bevazicumab | China, Italy | 2 | 1 (50) | N/A |
| Colchicine | Italy, Canada | 2 | 2 (100) | N/A |
| Novaferon | China | 2 | 2 (100) | LPV/r, umifenovir |
| Ribavirin | China, Hong Kong | 2 | 2 (100) | IFN, LPV/r |
| Thalidomide | China | 2 | 2 (100) | IFNα, umifenovir, methylprednisolone |
| Ulinastatin | China | 2 | 1 (50) | TCM |
| ASC09/ritonavir | China | 2 | 2 (100) | N/A |
| Intravenous Immunoglobulin | China | 2 | 2 (100) | N/A |
| Acetylcysteine | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Antiviral peptide LL-37 | China | 1 | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Baloxavir marboxil | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Bismuth potassium | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Bronchoscopic alveolar lavage | China | 1 | 0 (0) | N/A |
| CD24Fc | USA | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Dipyridamole | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Ebastine | China | 1 | 1 (100) | IFNα, LPV/r |
| Eculizumab | N/A | 1 | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Enoxaparin | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Escin | Italy | 1 | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Fingolimod | China | 1 | 0 (0) | N/A |
| FTC/TAF | China | 1 | 1 (100) | LPV/r |
| hrIL-2 | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Inactivated mycobacterial vaccine | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Itraconazole | Belgium | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Ixekizumab | China | 1 | 1 (100) | IFNα, ribavirin, chloroquine, LPV/r, umifenovir |
| Leflunomide | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| M1 | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| rhG-CSF | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Sargramostin (GM-CSF) | Belgium | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Sildenafil | China | 1 | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Siltuximab | Italy | 1 | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Suramin | China | 1 | 0 (0) | N/A |
| T89 | N/A | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| TFF-2 | China | 1 | 1 (100) | IFN-κ |
| TMPRSS2 inhibitor (camostat mesylate) | Denmark | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Tranilast | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| VIP | USA, Israel | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| vMIP | China | 1 | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Meplazumab (anti-CD147) | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Sodium Aescinate | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
| Triazavirin | China | 1 | 1 (100) | N/A |
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; anti-PD-1 mAb, Anti Program Cell Death Protein-1 monoclonal antibody; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; CD24Fc, CD24 extracellular domain-IgG1 Fc domain recombinant fusion protein; DRV/r or c, darunavir/ritonavir or cobicistat; FTC/TAF, emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; hrIL-2, human recombinant interleukin 2; IFΝα, interferon alpha; IFNβ, interferon beta; IFNκ, interferon kappa; IL, interleukin; JAK, Janus kinases; LPV/r, lopinavir/ritonavir; M1, type i macrophage; N/A, not applicable; RCTs, randomized controlled trials; rhG-CSF, recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; TCMs, traditional Chinese medicines; TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2; TTF-2, transcription termination factor 2; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; vMIP, viral macrophage inflammatory protein.