Table 2.

Gender-specific risk factors associated with heat illness

Reference, year	Country	Study design and duration	Study population	Risk factors	OR or IDR (95% CI)
Army Medical Surveillance Activity, 200231	USA	Case–control 1998–2001 (3 years)	US Army 5021 cases and 10 042 controls	Female	1.5 (1.4 to 1.7)
Carter et al, 200534	USA	Cross-sectional	US Army	Female	1.21 (1.09 to 1.40)
		1980–2002 (22 years)	5246 cases of heat illness; 4521 males and 725 females
Wallace et al, 200649	USA	Case–control	US Marine Corps	BMI ≥26 kg/m2 (males)	2.10 (1.59 to 2.78)
		1988–1996 (8 years)	Male (627 cases and 1679 controls)	Run time ≥12.9 min (males)	5.61 (3.73 to 8.45)
			Female (49 cases and 123 controls)	Run time ≥6.9 min (females)	5.30 (1.59 to 17.64)

BMI, body mass index; IDR, incidence density ratio.