Table 3.

Cross-sectional association estimates between proinsulin to insulin ratio and continuous glycemic traits: β coefficients±SE from linear regression models are given per SD proinsulin to insulin ratio

HbA1c	Fasting glucose	HOMA-IR
n (without/with diabetes) 1366/148	n (without/with diabetes) 1366/148	n (without/with diabetes) 1366/82
Without adjustment
0.29±0.02***	0.18±0.02***	−0.12±0.03***
Adjustment for sex, age, BMI, physical activity (model 2)
0.21±0.02***	0.11±0.02***	−0.22±0.02***

***p<0.001.

BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.