Table 2.
Characteristics of R. typhi cases, compared to dengue, S. typhi, and leptospira cases
| Clinical signs and symptoms | R. typhi cases | Dengue cases | Salmonella cases | Leptospira cases |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 102† | N = 468 | N = 103 | N = 48 | |
| Symptoms, N (%) | ||||
| Fever | 102 (100) | 468 (100) | 103 (100) | 48 (100) |
| Nausea | 73 (72) | 345 (74) | 74 (72) | 38 (76) |
| Anorexia | 33 (32) b | 153 (33) | 49 (48) | 16 (33) |
| Headache | 70 (69) ab | 261 (56) | 45 (44) | 26 (54) |
| Vomiting | 44 (43) | 249 (53) | 52 (50) | 29 (60) |
| Lethargy | 34 (33) a | 102 (22) | 46 (45) | 14 (29) |
| Arthralgia | 31 (30) | 139 (30) | 25 (24) | 19 (40) |
| Myalgia | 29 (28) | 103 (22) | 20 (19) | 20 (42) |
| Chills | 29 (28) a | 65 (14) | 35 (34) | 20 (42) |
| Epigastric pain | 29 (28) | 112 (24) | 32 (31) | 12 (25) |
| Cough | 24 (24) b | 79 (17) | 48 (47) | 16 (33) |
| Diarrhea | 15 (15) bc | 47 (10) | 41 (40) | 20 (42) |
| Skin rash | 17 (17) b | 85 (18) | 3 (3) | 3 (6) |
| Constipation | 19 (19) a | 23 (5) | 15 (15) | 6 (13) |
| Altered mental status | 4 (4) a | 6 (1) | 3 (3) | 1 (2) |
| Dysuria | 4 (4) | 9 (2) | 1 (1) | 3 (6) |
| Icterus | 5 (5) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (1) | 6 (13) |
| Rickettsia Triad: fever, headache and rash | 11 (11)b | 57 (12) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Hematology profiles: Mean (SD) | ||||
| Hb (mg/dl) | 14.04 (1.89) bc | 13.9 (1.84) | 12.4 (1.79) | 13.3 (2.06) |
| Hematocrit (%) | 40.8 (5.18) b | 41 (5.21) | 36.3 (5.42) | 38.9 (6.16) |
| Leukocyte count: /mm3 | 7354 (2975) ac | 4225 (2608) | 6902 (2974) | 10,924 (4246) |
| Platelet count | 123,426 (61,746) ab | 107,720 (67,522) | 158,402 (74,784) | 138,333 (75,491) |
| N (%) | ||||
| Leukopenia | 14 (14) ac | 312 (66.7) | 21 (20) | 2 (4.2) |
| Leukocytosis | 17 (17) a | 9 (1.9) | 12 (11.7) | 25 (24.5) |
| Platelet < 100,000/mm3 | 41 (40) ab | 266 (57) | 22 (21) | 13 (27) |
| Platelet < 150,000/mm3 | 74 (73) | 373 (8) | 52 (50) | 26 (54) |
| Thrombocytopenia (150,000) AND leukopenia (< 5000) | 19 (19) ac | 318 (68) | 22 (21) | 0 |
| Leucocyte cell types; Mean (SD) | ||||
| Neutrophil (%) | 70.34 (10.87) abc | 60.59 (16.41) | 64.8 (14.2) | 84.2 (7.9) |
| Neutrophil count | 5329 (2741) abc | 2672 (2227) | 4373 (2216) | 9001 (3453) |
| Lymphocyte (%) | 21.9 (9.85) abc | 28.5 (15.1) | 26.5 (12.2) | 9.5 (6.4) |
| Lymphocyte absolute | 1388 (484–4489) | 888 (192–7104) | 1521 (348–10,900) | 729 (243–2783) |
| N (%) | ||||
| Neutropenia | 9 (9) | 99 (21) | 17 (17) | 0 |
| Neutrophilia | 12 (12) c | 41 (9) | 14 (14) | 22 (46) |
| Lymphocytopenia | 31 (30) | 110 (24) | 26 (25) | 32 (67) |
| Lymphocytosis | 8 (8) | 84 (18) | 17 (17) | 0 |
| Biochemistry profiles: Median (range) | ||||
| Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.55 (0.12–12) | 0.37 (0.08–3.46) | 0.37 (0.1–2.09) | 0.69 (0.13–16.83) |
| ALT (IU) | 82 (12–604) | 83 (1–6570) | 66 (14–542) | 38 (15–207) |
| AST (IU) | 69 (0.71–466) | 34 (1–1286) | 40 (5–339) | 32 (10–141) |
| Urea (mg/dl) | 26 (9–181.2) | 17 (0.3–121) | 19 (6–59) | 53 (13–459) |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.9 (0.4–9.92) | 0.85 (0.05–98) | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) | 1.2 (0.5–8.8) |
| N/available data (%) | ||||
| Bilirubin > 1 mg/dl | 21/98 (21) abc | 10/409 (2) | 5/96 (5) | 17/46 (37) |
| Direct bilirubin > 0.4 mg/dl | 36/98 (37) abc | 27/409 (7) | 13/96 (14) | 26/46 (56) |
| Indirect bilirubin> 0.6 mg/dl | 7/98 (7) c | 17/409 (4) | 2/96 (5) | 10/46 (22) |
| Direct > Indirect bilirubin | 66/98 (67)a | 147/409 (36) | 55/97 (57) | 34/46 (74) |
| ALT > 45 IU | 76/97 (78) | 326/409 (80) | 65/95 (68) | 16/45 (36) |
| ALT > 100 IU | 35/97 (36) c | 147/409 (36) | 26/95 (27) | 7/45 (16) |
| AST > 35 IU | 75/97 (77) | 197/409 (48) | 54/97 (56) | 16/45 (36) |
| AST > 100 IU | 28/97 (29) abc | 60/409 (15) | 7/97 (7) | 2/45 (4) |
| Urea N > 40 mg/dl | 4/31 (13) ac | 10/409 (2) | 4/44 (9) | 24/44 (55) |
| Creatinine > 1.2 mg/dl | 15/98 (15) bc | 44/409 (11) | 5/94 (5) | 25/46 (54) |
Note: Significant (p < 0.05) a between R. typhi and dengue, b between R. typhi and S. typhi, c between R. typhi and leptospira. †One Rickettsia felis case is not included