Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study year | Journal | Country | Design | Mean age | Simple size | Relevant outcomes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Swimming | Placebo | Swimming | Placebo | |||||
| Andreoli 2012 | European journal of clinical nutrition | U.K. | Retrospective study | 58.4 | 60.8 | 12 | 24 | Total body and regional BMD, BMC, fat mass and lean body mass |
| Czeczuk 2012 | Advances in clinical and experimental medicine | Poland | Case control study | 50.7 | 52.1 | 18 | 18 | Body fat, BMC, BMD |
| Mohr 2015 | European journal of applied physiology | Germany | Randomized controlled trials | 46 | 45 | 21 | 20 | BMD, BMC, P1NP, CTx |
| Greenway 2012 | European journal of applied physiology | Germany | Case control study | 40.4 | 43.8 | 43 | 44 | BMD, BMC |
| Nagata 2002 | Journal of physiological anthropology | Japan | Retrospective study | 59.7 | 60.9 | 41 | 22 | BMD, height, body weight, and BMI |
DB: double-blind; P1NP: procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide; CTx: carboxy-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type I collagen; BMD: bone mineral density; BMC: bone mineral content.