Table 3.

Total and incremental average annual healthcare expenditures (2015 US dollars) among adults with diabetes by the presence of eye complications (n = 8,420). Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015).

	Eye complications		No eye complications		Incremental difference		P value
	Mean ($)	95% CI	Mean ($)	95% CI	Mean ($)	95% CI
Adjusted generalized linear model with log link
Expenditures
Total	$14,895	($14,687–$15,123)	$11,741	($11,577–$11,921)	$3,154	($3,110–$3,203)	<0.001
Inpatient	$4,460	($4,361–$4,558)	$3,485	($3,408–$3,562)	$975	($953–$996)	0.082
Outpatient	$4,168	($4,103–$4,233)	$3,176	($3,127–$3,225)	$992	($976–$1,007)	<0.001
Prescription	$5,003	($4,929–$5,074)	$3,830	($3,773–$3,884)	$1,173	($1,156–$1,190)	<0.001
Emergency	$494	($484–$504)	$388	($381–$396)	$106	($104–$108)	0.098
Others	$231	($222–$241)	$132	($127–$137)	$99	($96–$103)	0.001
Out-of-pocket	$1,297	($1,282–$1,312)	$1,142	($1,129–$1,155)	$155	($154–$157)	0.036
Adjusted two-part regression model
Expenditures
Total	$13,363	($13,182–$13,548)	$10,563	($10,419–$10,710)	$2,800	($2,763–$2,838)	<0.001
Inpatient	$4,041	($3,969–$4,108)	$3,209	($3,149–$3,266)	$832	($820–$843)	0.971
Outpatient	$4,105	($4,048–$4,165)	$3,180	($3,134–$3,226)	$926	($913–$938)	0.001
Prescription	$4,437	($4,382–$4,490)	$3,404	($3,362–$3,445)	$1,033	($1,020–$1,045)	<0.001
Emergency	$494	($484–$503)	$389	($381–$396)	$105	($103–$107)	0.275
Others	$215	($208–$223)	$123	($119–$128)	$92	($89–$95)	0.027
Out-of-pocket	$1,297	($1,282–$1,313)	$1,142	($1,129–$1,155)	$155	($154–$157)	0.038

Note: based on 8 ,420 adults aged 21 years or older, alive during the calendar years, and reported having diabetes. Adjusted models included sex, age, race/ethnicity, marital status, poverty status, health insurance coverage, drug prescription coverage, number of mental and physical health conditions, smoking status, geographic area of residence, and physical activity.