Table 4.
Adjusted mean total direct medical expenditure for eye complications (2015 US$). Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015).
| Adjusted Meana | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eye complications | |||
| No eye complications (Ref.) | |||
| Eye complications | $3,325 | ($1,799–$4,852) | <0.001 |
| CKD | |||
| No CKD (Ref.) | |||
| CKD | $7,964 | ($5,332–$10,596) | <0.001 |
| Sex | |||
| Women (Ref.) | |||
| Men | $725 | (-$347–$1,798) | 0.184 |
| Age | |||
| 21-39 (Ref.) | |||
| 40-49 | -$585 | (-$3,354–$2,185) | 0.678 |
| 50-64 | $820 | (-$1,723–$3,364) | 0.526 |
| 65+ | $595 | (-$2,103–$3,294) | 0.664 |
| Race | |||
| White (Ref.) | |||
| African American | -$844 | (-$2,124–$436) | 0.195 |
| Hispanic | -$2,267 | (-$3,892–-$642) | 0.006 |
| Others | -$2,155 | (-$4,467–$157) | 0.067 |
| Poverty status | |||
| Poor (Ref.) | |||
| Near poor | -$1,839 | (-$3,854–$177) | 0.074 |
| Middle income | -$1,988 | (-$4,083–$107) | 0.063 |
| High income | -$1,984 | (-$4,317–$349) | 0.095 |
| Health insurance | |||
| Private (Ref.) | |||
| Public | $18 | (-$1,632–$1,669) | 0.983 |
| Uninsured | -$7,485 | (-$8,816–-$6,154) | <0.001 |
| Prescription drug coverage | |||
| Yes (Ref.) | |||
| No | -$1,929 | (-$3,424–-$435) | 0.012 |
| Perceived physical health | |||
| Excellent/very good (Ref.) | |||
| Good | $2,229 | ($1,063–$3,395) | <0.001 |
| Fair/poor | $6,378 | ($4,812–$7,944) | <0.001 |
| Number of chronic physical conditions | |||
| No physical condition (Ref.) | |||
| 1-2 | $5,038 | ($4,173–$5,902) | <0.001 |
| 3-4 | $9,985 | ($8,637–$11,333) | <0.001 |
| ≥5 | $14,546 | ($12,240–$16,852) | <0.001 |
| Perceived mental health | |||
| Excellent/very good (Ref.) | |||
| Good | -$603 | (-$1,680–473) | 0.27 |
| Fair/poor | $1,118 | (-$418–$2,655) | 0.153 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married (Ref.) | |||
| Widow | $1,476 | (-$72–$3,025) | 0.062 |
| Separated/divorced | -$153 | (-$1,631–$1,325) | 0.838 |
| Never married | $420 | (-$1,127–$1,967) | 0.593 |
| Education | |||
| Less than high school (Ref.) | |||
| High school | -$46 | (-$1,455–$1,363) | 0.949 |
| Greater than high school | $1,782 | ($226–$3,337) | 0.025 |
| Region of residence | |||
| Northeast (Ref.) | |||
| Midwest | $335 | (-$1,676–$2,345) | 0.743 |
| South | -$1,694 | (-$3,239–-$149) | 0.032 |
| West | -$1843 | (-$3,533–-$154) | 0.033 |
| Current smoker | |||
| Yes (Ref.) | |||
| No | $900 | (-$318–$2,118) | 0.147 |
| Heavy physical exercise | |||
| Yes (Ref.) | |||
| No | $1,676 | ($595–$2,757) | 0.003 |
Note: based on 8,420 adults aged 21 years or older, alive during the calendar years, and reported having diabetes. CKD: chronic kidney disease; CI: confidence interval. aMarginal effects based on a generalized linear regression model.