Table 2.

Human Metabolome Database identifiers (HMDB ID), multivariate data analysis (variable influence on projection (VIP) scores, false discovery rate (FDR) adjusted p-value), fold changes and pairwise univariate (ANOVA/Kruskal Wallis test) values are provided for the 11 significantly altered metabolites common to ACO vs. asthma and ACO vs. COPD. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and their significance values (p value) depicts the association between these altered metabolites and lung function parameters, FEV1, FEV1/FVC of ACO subjects

Metabolites	HMDB ID	VIP scores			Fold change		Significance		Correlation (r)
(Discovery cohort)		ACO vs COPD	ACO vs Asthma	Adjusted p-value (FDR)	ACO vs COPD	ACO vs Asthma	Pairwise p-value		FEV1		FEV1/FVC
							ACO vs COPD	ACO vs Asthma	Pearson (r)	p-value	Pearson (r)	p-value
Serine	HMDB0000187	1.55	2.79	< 0.0001	0.77	0.75	*	**	0.63	< 0.0001	0.54	0.0008
Threonine	HMDB0000167	2.04	2.73	< 0.0001	0.87	0.83	*	***	0.48	0.0034	0.54	0.0007
Ethanolamine	HMDB0000149	1.32	1.55	< 0.0001	0.88	0.83	*	***	0.21	ns	0.30	ns
Glucose	HMDB0000122	2.58	2.22	< 0.0001	0.76	0.73	**	***	0.67	< 0.0001	0.72	< 0.0001
Cholesterol	HMDB0000067	1.48	1.45	< 0.0001	0.85	1.29	*	**	0.59	0.0002	0.46	0.0059
2-palmitoylglycerol	HMDB0011533	2.46	1.45	< 0.0001	0.75	1.39	***	**	0.17	ns	0.52	0.0014
Stearic acid	HMDB00827	1.49	1.41	< 0.0001	1.18	0.88	*	*	−0.26	ns	−0.33	ns
Lactic acid	HMDB0000190	1.82	1.42	< 0.0001	0.83	1.18	**	*	−0.35	0.0414	−0.19	ns
Linoleic acid	HMDB0030950	1.52	1.46	< 0.0001	1.35	0.81	**	**	− 0.19	ns	− 0.52	0.0014
D-Mannose	HMDB00169	1.64	1.54	< 0.0001	0.69	0.64	**	***	0.49	0.0025	0.79	< 0.0001
Succinic acid	HMDB00254	1.42	1.82	< 0.0001	0.82	0.74	*	***	0.59	0.0002	0.69	< 0.0001

COPD- chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, ACO- asthma COPD overlap, ns- not significant; *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.0001