Table 3.
Maternal socio-demographic characteristics and pregnancy outcome of women with poor prenatal service utilization versus women with good prenatal service utilization
| Characteristics | Prenatal service utilization | χ2 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor (< 4 visits) | Good (≥ 4 visits) | |||
| n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Age (years) | ||||
| < 30 | 78 (11.8) | 583 (88.2) | 2.127 | 0.145 |
| ≥ 30 | 81 (9.5) | 773 (90.5) | ||
| Parity | ||||
| Nulliparous | 63 (10.4) | 543 (89.6) | 0.011 | 0.918 |
| Multiparous | 96 (10.6) | 813 (89.4) | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 3 (30) | 7 (70) | 4.077 | 0.043* |
| Married | 156 (10.4) | 1349 (89.6) | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Yoruba | 148 (10.6) | 1242 (89.4) | 0.770 | 0.857 |
| Igbo | 7 (8.9) | 72 (91.1) | ||
| Hausa | 0 (0) | 4 (100) | ||
| Others | 4 (9.5) | 38 (90.5) | ||
| Maternal education | ||||
| No formal | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) | 4.794 | 0.188 |
| Primary | 2 (6.1) | 31 (93.9) | ||
| Secondary | 38 (13.9) | 235 (86.1) | ||
| Tertiary | 118 (9.8) | 1084 (90.2) | ||
| Employment (wife) | ||||
| Unemployed | 37 (13.1) | 246 (86.9) | 2.464 | 0.116 |
| Employed | 122 (9.9) | 1110 (90.1) | ||
| Employment (husband) | ||||
| Unemployed | 14 (21.9) | 50 (78.1) | 9.212 | 0.002* |
| Employed | 145 (10) | 1306 (90) | ||
| Previous stillbirth | ||||
| Yes | 9 (12.3) | 64 (87.7) | 0.275 | 0.600 |
| No | 150 (10.4) | 1292 (89.6) | ||
| Labour induction | ||||
| No | 146 (13.1) | 969 (86.9) | 30.370 | <0.001* |
| Yes | 13 (3.2) | 387 (96.8) | ||
| Gestational age at birth | ||||
| < 37 weeks | 35 (13.7) | 220 (86.3) | 3.406 | 0.065 |
| ≥ 37 weeks | 124 (9.8) | 1136 (90.2) | ||
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Vaginal | 104 (10.3) | 908 (89.7) | 0.155 | 0.694 |
| Caesarean | 55 (10.9) | 448 (89.1) | ||
| Fetal sex | ||||
| Male | 84 (10.4) | 720 (89.6) | 0.004 | 0.949 |
| Female | 75 (10.5) | 636 (89.5) | ||
| 5-minute APGAR | ||||
| < 7 | 15 (17.9) | 69 (82.1) | 5.131 | 0.023* |
| ≥ 7 | 144 (10.1) | 1287 (89.9) | ||
| Birth weight (grammes) | ||||
| < 2,500 | 24 (18) | 109 (82) | 8.848 | 0.003* |
| ≥ 2,500 | 135 (9.8) | 1247 (90.2) | ||
| Stillbirth | ||||
| No | 152 (10.3) | 1325 (89.7) | 2.607 | 0.106 |
| Yes | 7 (18.4) | 31 (81.6) | ||
| 1NICU admission | ||||
| No | 142 (10.5) | 1211 (89.5) | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Yes | 17 (10.5) | 145 (89.5) | ||
1
NICU = Neonatal Intensive Care Unit;
*
significant at p < 0.05
Unlike in Table 2, all the women compared in this table had prenatal care at the study location. The adequacy of their visits was the yardstick.