Table 1:
Mean levels of positive emotions by participant characteristics at Year 5 (N=4,196).
| Participant Characteristics | n (%) | Mean Positive Emotions (SD) | pb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| 21–30 Years | 2,143 (51.1) | 8.29 (2.7) | 0.7 |
| 31 Years or Older | 2,053 (48.9) | 8.33 (2.7) | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 1,882 (44.8) | 8.48 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Female | 2,314 (55.2) | 8.17 (2.8) | |
| Race | |||
| White | 2,182 (52.0) | 8.51 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Black | 2,014 (48.0) | 8.09 (2.8) | |
| Marital Status | |||
| Married | 1,711 (40.8) | 8.78 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Unmarrieda | 2,485 (59.2) | 7.99 (2.7) | |
| Education | |||
| Less than High School | 246 (5.9) | 7.62c (2.7) | <0.001 |
| High School | 1,058 (25.2) | 7.96c (2.8) | |
| Some College | 1,254 (29.9) | 8.25d (2.7) | |
| College or Higher | 1,638 (39.0) | 8.69e (2.6) | |
| Family Income | |||
| $0–$24,999 | 1,601 (38.2) | 7.87c (2.8) | <0.001 |
| $25,000–$49,999 | 1,588 (37.9) | 8.38d (2.7) | |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 609 (14.5) | 8.83e (2.5) | |
| ≥$75,000 | 398 (9.5) | 9.00e (2.4) | |
| Weekly Fast Food Consumption | |||
| 0 or 1 Time(s) | 2,046 (48.8) | 8.35 (2.7) | 0.3 |
| 2 Times or More | 2,150 (51.2) | 8.27 (2.7) | |
| Physical Activity Level | |||
| Low | 1,323 (31.5) | 7.86c (2.7) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 1,038 (24.7) | 8.26d (2.7) | |
| Moderate-High | 991 (23.6) | 8.61e (2.6) | |
| High | 844 (20.1) | 8.72e (2.6) | |
| Alcohol Consumption | |||
| Low to Moderate | 3,699 (88.2) | 8.35 (2.7) | 0.02 |
| High | 497 (11.8) | 8.04 (2.8) | |
| Diagnosis of Heart Problemsf | |||
| Yes | 341 (8.2) | 8.28 (2.8) | 0.9 |
| No | 3,827 (91.8) | 8.31 (2.7) | |
| Diagnosis of Cancerf | |||
| Yes | 57 (1.4) | 8.07 (2.7) | 0.5 |
| No | 4,132 (98.6) | 8.32 (2.7) | |
| Negative Emotionsf, g | |||
| Low to Moderate | 3,154 (75.2) | 9.00 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| High | 1,039 (24.8) | 6.21 (2.4) |
a
The unmarried category includes participants who were widowed, divorced, separated, never married, or other.
b
Differences between groups were tested using ANOVA; for more than two subgroups, means with different subscripts (c, d, e) are significantly different from one another.
f
Sample sizes may vary due to missing baseline data on these time-updated variables.
g
Negative emotions were used as a binary variable for this table (low to moderate <3; high ≥3), but a continuous variable in all other analyses.