Table 2:
Association between baseline positive emotions (standardized) and cardiovascular health scores (continuous) during follow-up (N=4,196).a
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Positive Emotions | 0.06 (0.03, 0.08) | 0.03 (0.007, 0.06) | 0.03 (−0.001, 0.05) |
| Timeb | −0.05 (−0.05, −0.05) | −0.05 (−0.05, −0.05) | −0.05 (−0.05, −0.05) |
| Age | −0.04 (−0.04, −0.03) | −0.05 (−0.06, −0.04) | −0.05 (−0.05, −0.04) |
| Female | 0.29 (0.24, 0.35) | 0.28 (0.23, 0.33) | |
| Black | −0.17 (−0.22, −0.11) | −0.16 (−0.21, −0.10) | |
| Married | −0.002 (−0.02, 0.02) | −0.0002 (−0.02, 0.02) | |
| Education | |||
| Less than High School | Reference | Reference | |
| High School | 0.13 (0.01, 0.25) | 0.09 (−0.03, 0.21) | |
| Some College | 0.22 (0.10, 0.34) | 0.16 (0.04, 0.28) | |
| College or Higher | 0.56 (0.44, 0.68) | 0.49 (0.37, 0.61) | |
| Family Income | |||
| ≤$24,999 | Reference | Reference | |
| $25,000–49,999 | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.05) | |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 0.02 (−0.07, 0.11) | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.10) | |
| ≥$75,000 | 0.06 (−0.05, 0.16) | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.16) | |
| Fast Food Consumption | −0.01 (−0.04, −0.008) | ||
| Physical Activity | |||
| Low | Reference | ||
| Moderate | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.10) | ||
| Moderate-High | 0.10 (0.02, 0.17) | ||
| High | 0.16 (0.08, 0.23) | ||
| Alcohol Consumption | |||
| Low to Moderate | Reference | ||
| High | −0.25 (−0.33, −0.17) | ||
| Heart Problemsc | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.001) | ||
| Cancerc | −0.0005 (−0.07, 0.07) |
a
Linear mixed effects models were used to estimate the association.
b
Because positive emotions did not interact with time (interaction term in age-adjusted model: β=0.0008; p=0.2), the interaction term was not included in any of the models presented.
c
Time-updated variable.