Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the sample with both immune blood-based and cognitive biomarkers.
| Characteristic | Bipolar disorder N = 98 | Schizophrenia N = 58 | Control N = 123 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine sex1 | 50 (51.02) | 43 (74.14) | 49 (39.84) | <0.001 |
| Age2,a,b,c | 45.14 ± 12.93 | 35.26 ± 10.97 | 39.19 ± 13.17 | <0.001 |
| Age of onset of the disorder2 | 26.86 ± 10.53 | 24.05 ± 7.11 | NA | 0.074 |
| Length of illness2,a | 18.13 ± 12.26 | 11.21 ± 9.36 | NA | <0.001 |
| BMI2 | 24.69 ± 3.76 | 25.12 ± 5.56 | 24.43 ± 4.16 | 0.605 |
| Smokers1 | 20 (20.41) | 5 (8.62) | 18 (14.63) | 0.124 |
| YMRS2,a | 3.96 ± 1.65 | 4.66 ± 3.38 | NA | 0.003 |
| MADRS2 | 6.19 ± 4.88 | 7.89 ± 6.20 | NA | 0.151 |
| PANSS total2,a | 37.38 ± 13.21 | 55.69 ± 14.65 | NA | <0.001 |
| PANSS positive total2,a | 7.98 ± 2.85 | 12.52 ± 6.62 | NA | <0.001 |
| PANSS negative total2,a | 9.08 ± 4.50 | 18.87 ± 9.03 | NA | <0.001 |
| History of suicide attempt1,a | 39 (39.80) | 19 (32.76) | NA | <0.001 |
| Current hospitalization1,a | 25 (25.51) | 26 (44.83) | NA | <0.001 |
| Drug-free#,1,a | 4 (4.08) | 2 (3.45) | NA | <0.001 |
1Chi-square test. Values shown as raw numbers and (%).
2Values shown as mean and standard deviation. Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and controls, analyses by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey-Kramer post-test. Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, analyses by t-test.
aBipolar disorder is significantly different from Schizophrenia.
bBipolar disorder is significantly different from control.
cSchizophrenia is significantly different from control.
#Drug-free defined as without use of psychiatric medication for at least 7 days.
NA not applicable.