Table 1.

Summary of the chemokines and their receptors in diabetic nephropathy discussed in this review article. DM: diabetes mellitus; DN: diabetic nephropathy.

Studies of Chemokines and Their Receptors in Diabetic Nephropathy
Subfamily	Chemokine/ Main Features	Chemokine Receptor
CC	CCL2 [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72]/ reflect tubular injury and renal inflammation; modulate macrophage differentiation CCL4 [73]/ up-regulated in type 1 DM patients with kidney failure CCL5 [74]/ up-regulated in renal fibrosis and inflammation CCL7 [75]/ up-regulated in early renal injury CCL18 [76]/ increase fibronectin expressions CCL20 [16,83]/ up-regulated in glomeruli and proximal tubules CCL22 [19]/ down-regulated after DPP-4 inhibition	CCR2 [42,69,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,105,106]/ promote renal injury and fibrosis CCR5 [103,104,105,106]/ correlated with renal inflammation
CXC	CXCL1 [77]/ up-regulated in podocytes CXCL5 [16]/ up-regulated in glomeruli and proximal tubules CXCL7 [16,78]/ participate in glomerular endothelium dysfunction CXCL8 [79]/ recruit neutrophil infiltration and initiate inflammation CXCL9 [80,81,82,83]/ correlated with renal function CXCL10 [70,82,83]/ inhibit renal fibrosis and inflammation/ correlated with renal function (multifaceted) CXCL11 [80,82]/ correlate with baseline renal function CXCL12 [17,19,84,85]/ related to DPP-4 inhibitor associated renal protection/ recruit macrophages (multifaceted) CXCL16 [86,87,88,89]/ correlated with renal function and fibrosis	CXCR1 [78,79]/ recruit neutrophil infiltration and induce inflammation CXCR2 [78,79]/ recruit neutrophil infiltration and induce inflammation CXCR3 [81,82,83,107]/ prevent fibrosis CXCR4 [108]/ up-regulated in DN and correlated with survival signaling in tubular epithelial cell (multifaceted)
CX3C	CX3CL1 [90,91,92,93,112,113]/ reflect renal inflammation and pathological changes	CX3CR1 [19,93,109,110,111,112,113]/ correlated with DN progression