Table 2.
Drosophila models of Parkinson’s disease.
| Parkinson’s Disease | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Drosophila Model | Developmental Stage | Assay Used for Neuropathology | References |
| Drosophila orthologs of human genes | |||
| Parkin mutants | Adult | TH immunostaining, climbing assay | [78] |
| PINK1 mutants PINK1 knock down in DA neurons |
Adult | Lifespan, TH immunostaining, chemotaxis assay, dopamine enzyme immunoassay, HPLC for DA tissue and dopamine levels, fast–scan cyclic voltammetry, RT–PCR for DAT and GAPDH2, Western blot for TH, mobility assay | [69,75,76,80] |
| LRRK2 mutants | Adult | Climbing assay, TH immunostaining | [71] |
| DJ–1 mutants exposed to hydrogen peroxide, paraquat and rotenone |
Adult | Lifespan, TH immunostaining | [74] |
| Photoreceptor cell–specific overexpression of dUCH and DA neurons–specific knockdown of dUCH | Larva, Pupa, Adult | SEM for eye morphology, activated–Caspase 3 immunostaining, TH immunostaining, larval crawling assay, adult climbing assay, pupal retinal mispatterning determination | [77] |
| HtrA2 knockdown in DA neurons and photoreceptor cells | Adult | Lifespan, climbing assay, SEM for eye morphology | [72] |
| Double heterozygous GBA mutants (CG31414 and CG31148) | Adult | Lifespan, TH immunostaining, climbing assay | [73] |
| Overexpression of dTau in mushroom body neurons | Adult | Survival up to 30 days of age, learning and memory assays | [87] |
| Overexpression of human transgenes | |||
| Co–expression of Tau and Alpha–Synuclein (α–syn) | Larva, Adult | Activated–caspase 3 immunostaining, larval NMJ morphology, TH immunostaining, SEM for adult eye morphology | [83] |
| Pan–neuronal, photoreceptor cell– and DA neurons–specific overexpression of wild type, A30P and A53T α–syn | Adult | H&E staining, TH immunostaining, Lewy body detection using Ubiquitin immunostaining, TEM for neuronal α–syn inclusions, climbing assay, Toluidine blue staining of tangential retinal sections | [81] |
| Pan–neuronal, photoreceptor cell– and DA neurons–specific overexpression of LRRK2 and LRRK2–G2019S–2 | Adult | Lifespan, climbing assay, TEM for photoreceptor morphology in ommatidia, TH immunostaining, actometer test | [82] |
| Overexpression of Pael–R in DA neurons | Adult | TH immunostaining | [79] |
| Toxin exposure | |||
| Rotenone | Adult | TH immunostaining, climbing assay | [84] |
| Paraquat | Adult | TH immunostaining, lifespan, climbing assay, jumping assay, Dopamine levels | [85,86] |