Table 1.
List of the studies showing the activation of AKT, mTOR or the AKT/mTOR pathway in OC.
| Type of Cancer | In vitro/ In vivo/ Ex vivo | Model | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| HNSCC | In vivo | Grhl3+/– and Grhl3∆/– /K14Cre+ (cKO) mice | [53] |
| In vitro | SCC-25, CAL-27 cells | [53] | |
| In vitro | HSC-3 cells | [54] | |
| In vitro In vitro In vitro |
CAL-27, HN30 cells CAL-27 cells HN6 cells |
[55] [56] [57] |
|
| In vivo | Tgfbr1 cKO mice | [58] | |
| In vitro | NOK-SI cells having SET protein overexpression | [59] | |
| Ex vivo | Primary tumor tissue from patients | [60] | |
| In vitro | HN5 cells | [61] | |
| In vitro | FaDu, SAS cells | [62] | |
| In vitro | IL-6 treated 686LN cells | [63] | |
| In vitro | HGF stimulated and treated UT-SCC-14, UT-SCC-15 and | [64] | |
| UT-SCC-16A cells-injected mice xenografts | |||
| In vitro In vitro In vitro |
PCI-9A, PCI-15 cells WSU-HN6, CAL27 cells Ca9-22, HSC-3 cells |
[65] [66] [67] |
|
| OED | In vitro | DOK cells | [68] |
| OED | In vitro | DOK cells | [69] |
| OED | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [70] |
| OED | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [71] |
| OED | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [72] |
| OED | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [73] |
| OEPL | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [74] |
| OL | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [72] |
| OPSCC | Ex vivo | Primary tumor tissue from patients | [75] |
| OSCC | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [70] |
| OSCC | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [47] |
| OSCC | In vivo | Keratin 17-knockout HSC3 cells injected BALB/c mice | [67] |
| OSCC | In vitro | HSC-3, HSC-4, CAL-27, UM1, UM2 cells | [71] |
| OSCC | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [71] |
| OSCC | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [76] |
| OSCC | In vitro | Tca-8113, KB cells | [77] |
| OSCC | In vitro | SCC-25, SCC-4 cells | [78] |
| OSCC | In vitro | HSC-6, CAL-33 cells | [79] |
| OSCC | In vitro | SAS, OECM-1 cells | [80] |
| OSCC | In vitro | OECM-1 cells | [72] |
| OSCC | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [72] |
| OSCC | In vitro | KB cells | [81] |
| OSCC OSCC OSCC |
In vitro In vitro In vitro |
SAS cells SCC-9, SCC-25 cells UM-SCC-22A cells |
[82] [68] [69] |
| OSCC | In vitro | OECM-1 cells | [83] |
| OSCC | Ex vivo | Buccal mucosa and other tissues (Stage:1-4, Grade:1, 2 or 3) | [83] |
| OSCC | In vitro | SCC-4, CAL-27 cells | [84] |
| OSCC | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [84] |
| OSCC | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [85] |
| OSCC | In vitro | AW13516 cells | [86] |
| OSCC | Ex vivo | Primary tumor tissues from patients (Stage: 1-4) | [87] |
| OSCC | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [88] |
| OSCC | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [74] |
| OVC | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [72] |
| OVC | Ex vivo | Tissue from patients | [88] |
| TC TD TSCC TSCC TSCC |
Ex vivo Ex vivo Ex vivo In vitro Ex vivo |
Tissue from patients (Early stage) Tissue from patients Tissue from patients SCC-4, SCC-25 Tissue from patients |
[73] [89] [89] [90] [91] |
| TSCC | In vitro | CAL-27 cells | [92] |
| TSCC | In vitro | UM1 cells | [93] |
| TSCC | In vitro | CAL-27 cells and cisplatin resistant Tca cells | [94] |
Abbreviations: cKO: Conditional knock out, Cre: Cre recombinase, DOK: Dysplastic oral keratinocyte, Grhl3: Grainyhead-like 3, HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor, HNSCC: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, K14: Keratin 14, NOKI-SI: Normal Oral Keratinocytes spontaneously immortalized, NOM: Normal oral mucosa, OC: Oral Cancer, OED: Oral epithelial dysplasia, OEPL: Oral epithelial precursor lesions, OL: Oral leukoplakia, OPSCC: Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, OSCC: Oral squamous cell carcinoma, OVC: Oral verrucous carcinoma, SCC: squamous cell carcinoma, SCID: Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, TC: Tongue cancer, TD: Tongue dysplasia, Tgfbr1: TGF-β receptor I, TSCC: Tongue squamous cell carcinoma.