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. 2020 Apr 30;21(9):3183. doi: 10.3390/ijms21093183

Table 1.

Results of different studies of the effect of dietary inclusion of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich sources on the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat in ruminants. Effects are shown as relative variation with respect to the control diet and expressed in percentage.

Inclusion Level,
Live Weight 1 		Unit C18:3n-3 2 C20:5n-3 C22:6n-3 C18:2n-6 C18:1t11 C18:1c9 C18:2c9t11 n-6/n-3 Reference
Cattle
Whole linseed 8%, 500–700 % total FA 52.5 * 50.0 0.0 6.7 24.1 13.8 * 54.1 * - [52]
Cracked linseed 8%, 500–700 % total FA 78.7 * 50.0 0.0 10.3 21.5 14.7 * 47.7 * - [52]
Linseed oil 3%, 640–718 % total FA 231.3 * 237.5 * 195.7 * −40.8 −20.3 * 1.6 −41.0 * −79.2 * [53]
Whole linseed 10%, 240–458 % total FA 550.0 * 140.0 * 0.0 −17.6 24.2 4 8.5 100.0 * −77.8 * [54]
Linseed oil 4.5%, 419, −(90 d 3) % total FA 106.7 * 86.7 - −14.6 - −3.9 81.1 * −56.6 * [55]
Linseed oil 4.5%, −344 % total FA 112.0 * 51.7 * 0.0 −4.9 −23.0 3.7 −13.0 −42.3 * [56]
Whole linseed 5%, 278–440 % total FA 162.7 * 35.0 -33.3 −26.4 2.6 19.6 - −41.4 * [57]
Sheep
Crushed linseed 10%, −38 % total FA 171.0 * - 78.9 20.1 * - 2.4 73.7 * −46.7 * [58]
Extruded linseed 15%, 21–30 % total FA 207.7 * 288.9 * - −30.9 - 3.0 - −86.4 * [59]
Extruded linseed 30%, 21–30 % total FA 223.1 * 261.1 * - −2.5 - −6.1 - −79.0 * [59]
Linseed oil 6%, 21–30 % total FA 228.0 * 163.2 * 42.9 * −45.6 * −17.8 * 2.3 - −77.3 * [60]
Extruded linseed 3%, 24–38 % total FA 97.7 * -6.3 -16.7 −15.6 −30.0 −6.8 * −58.3 −45.6 * [61]
Extruded linseed 6%, 24–38 % total FA 129.5 * 6.3 -16.7 −20.0 −10.0 0.0 25.0 −55.9 * [61]
Extruded linseed 9%, 24–38 % total FA 245.5 * 31.3 0.0 2.2 10.0 −10.2 * −33.3 −58.8 * [61]
Extruded linseed 5%, 15–26 % FAME 95.7 * 9.1 -60.0 −11.5 24.1 * 4 3.5 12.5 −52.0 * [62]
Extruded linseed 10%, 15–26 % FAME 136.2 * 36.4 -60.0 −20.0 * 51.4 * 4 −2.9 12.5 −60.2 * [62]
Extruded linseed 10.5%, 17–26 % FAME 247.2 * 121.1 * 25.0 6.9 75.5 * 4 −12.4 * −15.4 −51.2 * [63]
Chia seed 10%, 17–26 % FAME 226.4 * 89.5 * 25.0 6.4 47.0 * 4 −10.1 * −3.8 −46.9 * [63]
Linseed oil 6%, 40–57 % FAME 248.0 * 71.4 -25.0 0.0 85.3 * −11.4 * 19.5 −66.9 * [64]
Treated linseed 5 17.9%, 40–57 % FAME 412.0 * 328.6 * 100.0 * −16.7 35.8 −5.0 * 72.0 * −78.2 * [64]
Linseed oil 4.8%, 20–36 mg FAME/100 g muscle 178.4 * 88.2 * 54.5 * −1.8 30.8 −26.5 * −2.3 −15.0 [65]
Extruded linseed 3%, 17–27 g/100 g muscle 121.9 * −70.0 −33.3 7.4 −2.2 2.7 22.6 −22.1 * [66]
Linseed oil 2.5%, 33, −(49 d 3) g/100 g tissue 0.0 0.0 100.0 −23.9 - 5.1 - −23.1 * [67]
Linseed oil 5%, 33, −(49 d 3) g/100 g tissue 33.3 33.3 100.0 −11.9 - −2.7 - −30.8 * [67]
Extruded linseed 12.5%, 15–26 % total FA 555.3 * 252.9 * 140.9 16.2 - −5.2 - - [68]
Ext. linseed + algae 10.7% + 4%, 15–26 % total FA 371.1 * 205.9 * 181.8 4.6 - 0.1 - - [68]
Fish oil 3.3%, −26 % total FA −23.7 958.8 * 1104.5 * −28.9 - −14.1 - - [68]
Fish oil 3% fish oil, 28–46 % total FA 82.2 * 304.2 * 456.3 * 27.0 - 6.4 - −64.8 * [69]
Algae 2%, 15–26 % total FA −2.8 658.8 * 1240.0 * −11.7 - −7.9 * 7.4 −79.2 * [70]
Extruded linseed 10%, 16–26 % FAME 360.0 * 289.5 * 60.0 −12.7 144.4 * 4 −13.8 * -8.3 −64.1 * [71]
Ext. linseed + algae 5% + 3.9%, 16–26 % FAME 122.5 * 431.6 * 1880.0 * −23.2 175.3 * 4 −26.3 * 33.3 −57.6 * [71]
Linseed 10.7%, 35, −(56 d 3) mg/100 g muscle 73.5 * 2.8 −11.8 10.7 - - - −21.7 * [48]
Linseed + algae 10.7% + 1.8%, 35, −(56 d 3) mg/100 g muscle −6.4 23.9 * 734.2 * −6.7 - - - −38.2 * [48]
Algae 1.8%, 35, −(56 d 3) mg/100 g muscle 20.4 * −2.3 552.6 * −2.4 - - - −27.4 * [48]
Algae 3%, 18–31 mg/100 g muscle 16.9 550.0 * 1578.6 * −19.0 * 211.3 * −5.2 94.7 * −66.9 * [72]
Algae 1.95%, 35, – mg/100 g muscle −9.8 51.7 * 491.7 * 1.7 - −21.9 * - −31.4 * [73]
Fish oil 1%, 30, −(30 d 3) μg/g muscle −31.2 - - −1.8 −37.0 - 300.0 - [74]

Abbreviations: FA = fatty acid; FAME = fatty acid methyl ester. 1 Inclusion level = % of dry matter. The live weight of the animals is indicated as the initial and final live weight in kg. 2 C18:3n-3 = α-linolenic acid (ALA); C20:5n-3 = eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); C22:6n-3 = docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); C18:2n-6 = linoleic acid (LA); C18:1t11 = vaccenic acid (VA); C18:1c9= oleic acid; C18:2c9t11= CLA; n-6/n-3 = n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA. 3 Experimental period in days (d). 4 C18:1t11 and C18:1t11 were unresolved and thus grouped. 5 Formaldehyde-treated whole linseed. * Indicates p < 0.05. A value for statistical significance of p < 0.05 was taken to indicate all cases in the same manner.