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. 2020 Apr 30;21(9):3183. doi: 10.3390/ijms21093183

Table 2.

Results of different studies of the effect of dietary inclusion of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich sources on the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat in ruminants. Effects are shown as relative variation with respect to the control diet and expressed in percentage.

Inclusion Level,
Live Weight 1 		Unit C18:3n-3 2 C20:5n-3 C22:6n-3 C18:2n-6 C18:1t11 C18:1c9 C18:2c9t11 n-6/n-3 Reference
Cattle
Whole linseed 8%, 500–700 % total FA 127.8 * 0.0 100.0 31.7 * 1.8 10.6 * 86.0 * - [52]
Cracked linseed 8%, 500–700 % total FA 50.0 * 25.0 100.0 64.5 * 9.9 10.8 * 88.0 * - [52]
Whole linseed 10%, 240–458 % total FA 690.0 * - - 0.5 9.1 4 5.0 100.0 * −83.0 * [54]
Linseed oil 4.5%, 419, −(90 d 3) % total FA 123.1 * 325.0 * - −28.3 * - −4.9 111.3 * −63.1 * [55]
Linseed oil 4.5%, −344 % total FA 163.3 * - - −28.1 * −30.8 * 0.3 −15.7 −72.0 * [56]
Ground linseed 8%, 171–619 % total FA 88.0 * - - −1.8 - 4.9 0.0 −48.7 * [75]
Sheep
Crushed linseed 10%, −38 % total FA 138.5 * - - 6.0 - −24.2 * 110.3 * −28.2 [58]
Linseed oil 2%, 23–50 % total FA 225.6 * 100.0 * 33.3 −39.4 * 0.5 3.1 −10.3 −79.7 * [76]
Extruded linseed 3%, 24–38 % total FA 125.0 * - - 8.7 11.1 2.2 −28.6 −48.2 * [61]
Extruded linseed 6%, 24–38 % total FA 200.0 * - - 8.7 −9.0 9.1 * −21.4 −62.5 * [61]
Extruded linseed 9%, 24–38 % total FA 375.0 * - - 30.4 −19.4 −3.4 1.4 −66.1 * [61]
Extruded linseed 5%, 15–26 % FAME 71.9 * −50.0 - −31.2 * 23.0 * 4 −8.8 * 10.0 −55.3 * [62]
Extruded linseed 10%, 15–26 % FAME 84.4 * 0.0 - −40.1 * 33.4 * 4 −11.6 30.0 −60.6 * [62]
Extruded linseed 10.5%, 17–26 % FAME 208.9 * 100.0 * 0.0 −21.1 * 60.3 * 4 −12.8 * −28.6 −50.2 * [63]
Chia seed 10%, 17–26 % FAME 180.0 * 100.0 * 0.0 −21.1 * 41.7 4 −13.4 * −9.5 −38.2 * [63]
Linseed oil 6%, 40–57 % FAME 604.5 * 200.0 * 0.0 43.6 129.2 * −15.0 76.3 * −72.6 * [64]
Treated linseed 5 17.9%, 40–57 % FAME 850.0 * 600.0 * 100.0 −2.0 59.0 * −9.0 159.3 * −87.0 * [64]
Extruded linseed 10%, 16–26 % FAME 418.9 * 42.9 100.0 −37.4 * 101.4 * 4 −21.8 * −6.3 −78.6 * [71]
Ext. linseed + algae 5% + 3.9%, 16–26 % FAME 127.0 * 200.0 * 2800.0 * −51.9 * 73.1 * 4 −24.6 * −31.3 * −66.1 * [71]
Algae 1%, 19–46 mg/100 g tissue 35.0 35.3 * 504.8 * −3.5 77.7 26.2 101.2 −85.4 * [77]
Algae 2%, 19–46 mg/100 g tissue 43.2 264.7 * 1671.4 * 15.7 126.1 34.3 126.3 −79.5 * [77]
Algae 3%, 19–46 mg/100 g tissue 58.1 411.8 * 1614.3 * 13.7 74.4 52.3 70.8 −79.9 * [77]

Abbreviations: FA = fatty acid; FAME = fatty acid methyl ester. 1 Inclusion level = % of dry matter. The live weight of the animals is indicated as the initial and final live weight in kg. 2 C18:3n-3 = α-linolenic acid (ALA); C20:5n-3 = eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); C22:6n-3 = docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); C18:2n-6 = linoleic acid (LA); C18:1t11 = vaccenic acid (VA); C18:1c9= oleic acid; C18:2c9t11= CLA; n-6/n-3 = n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA. 3 Experimental period in days (d). 4 C18:1t11 and C18:1t11 were unresolved and thus grouped. 5 Formaldehyde-treated whole linseed. * Indicates p < 0.05. A value for statistical significance of p < 0.05 was taken to indicate all cases in the same manner.