Table 3.

Results of different studies of the effect of dietary inclusion of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) rich sources on the adipogenic and lipid metabolism gene expression in ruminants.

	Inclusion Level, Final Live Weight 1	Tissue	Major Findings 2											Reference
			PPARG	PPARA	CEBPA	SREBP1	ACACA	FASN	LPL	SCD	FADS1	FADS2	ELOVL5
Cattle
Ground linseed	907 g/d, 107 d 4	LD	↑	≈	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	[127]
Extruded linseed	4.45%, 105 d 4	LD 5	-	≈	-	≈	-	-	-	-	≈	≈	≈	[128]
Extruded linseed	4.45%, 105 d 4	LD 5	-	↑	-	↑	-	-	-	-	↑	↑	≈	[128]
Extruded linseed	4.45%, 105 d 4	LD 5	-	↑	-	≈	-	-	-	-	↑	↑	≈	[128]
Whole linseed	8%, 700	LT	↑	-	-	≈	↓	↓	↑	↓	-	-	-	[52]
Cracked linseed	8%, 700	LT	↑	-	-	↓	↓	↓	↑	↓	-	-	-	[52]
Ground linseed	8%, 619	SC	≈	-	-	-	-	≈	↓	↓	-	-	-	[75]
Grass silage 3	630	LD	-	-	-	≈	↓	↓	-	↓	≈	≈	-	[140]
Grass silage 3	630	SC	-	-	-	↓	↓	↓	-	≈	≈	≈	-	[140]
Grass silage 3	625	LD	-	-	-	≈	≈	≈	-	≈	-	-	-	[141]
Algae	0.85%, 125 d 4	SC	≈	-	-	≈	≈	≈	≈	≈	≈	≈	-	[137]
Fish oil	0.85%, 125 d 4	SC	≈	-	-	≈	≈	≈	≈	≈	≈	≈	-	[137]
Fish oil	1%, 100 d 4	LT	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	↓	-	-	-	[142]
Fish oil	2%, 100 d 4	LT	≈	-	-	↓	-	-	-	↓	-	-	-	[142]
Fish oil	1%, 720	SC	≈	-	-	≈	≈	≈	↑	↑	≈	-	-	[135]
Sheep
Extruded linseed	5%, 26	LD	-	-	-	-	↓	-	↑	≈	↓	↓	-	[62]
Extruded linseed	10%, 26	LD	-	-	-	-	↓	-	≈	↓	↓	≈	-	[62]
Extruded linseed	5%, 26	SC	-	-	-	-	≈	-	↑	≈	≈	≈	≈	[62]
Extruded linseed	10%, 26	SC	-	-	-	-	↓	-	≈	↓	≈	≈	≈	[62]
Extruded linseed	10.5%, 26	LD	-	-	-	-	↓	-	≈	↓	≈	↓	-	[63]
Chia seed	10%, 26	LD	-	-	-	-	↓	-	↓	↓	↓	↓	-	[63]
Extruded linseed	10.5%, 26	SC	-	-	-	-	≈	-	≈	≈	↓	↓	↓	[63]
Chia seed	10%, 26	SC	-	-	-	-	≈	-	≈	≈	≈	↓	↓	[63]
Linseed oil	0.1% of BW	LD	-	-	-	≈	≈	↓	-	↓	-	-	-	[25]
Linseed oil	6%, 56 d 4	LD	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	↓	-	-	-	[143]
Extruded linseed	10%, 26	LD	≈	-	≈	≈	↓	-	≈	↓	↓	↓	-	[71]
Ext. linseed + algae	5% + 3.9%, 26	LD	≈	-	≈	≈	↓	-	↓	↓	↓	↓	-	[71]
Extruded linseed	10%, 26	SC	↑	-	↑	≈	↓	-	≈	↓	≈	≈	≈	[71]
Ext. linseed + algae	5% + 3.9%, 26	SC	↑	-	↑	≈	↓	-	↓	↓	≈	≈	≈	[71]
Algae	3%, 31	LT	↑	↑	-	↓	-	≈	-	↓	≈	↓	≈	[72]
Algae	1.92%	LL	-	-	-	-	≈	-	-	≈	≈	≈	-	[144]
Algae	1.92%	SC	-	-	-	-	≈	-	-	≈	≈	≈	-	[144]
EPA+ DHA 6	0.39%, 53	SC	≈	≈	-	-	-	≈	≈	≈	≈	≈	≈	[136]
Goat
Linseed oil	1.3%, 100 d 4	SC	↑	↑	-	-	-	-	-	↓	-	-	-	[139]
Linseed oil	1.3%, 100 d 4	ST	↑	≈	-	-	-	-	-	↓	-	-	-	[138]
Linseed oil	1.3%, 100 d 4	LD	↑	↑	-	-	-	-	-	↓	-	-	-	[145]

Abbreviations: ACACA = acetyl-CoA carboxylase; BW = body weight; CEBPA = CAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha; ELOVL5 = fatty acid elongase 5; FADS1 = fatty acid synthase 1; FADS2 = fatty acid synthase 2; FASN = fatty acid synthase; LL = Longissimus lumborum; LPL = lipoprotein lipase; LT = Longissimus thoracis; PPARA = peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; PPARG = peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; SC = subcutaneous; SCD = sterol-CoA desaturase; SREBP1 = sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; ST = Semitendinosus. ¹ Inclusion level = % of dry matter. The final live weight is indicated in kg. ² Arrows indicate up (↑) or down-regulated (↓) genes compared to control. The almost equal sign (≈) symbolize no change in expression between control and n-3 diet. ³ The control group consisted of maize silage with soybean-based concentrate (n-6 PUFA) vs. a grass-silage-based intervention diet (n-3 PUFA). ⁴ Final live weight was not reported and experimental period in days (d) is indicated instead. ⁵ The studied animal breed were Limousin, Angus and Blonde d’Aquitaine, respectively. ⁶ Ca salt of EPA and DHA.