Table 1.
Characteristics of the older adults’ study participants in the 64 communities of Study of Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) China Wave 1.
| Variables | Non-Anaemic | Anaemic | Total | P Value for Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM10 (ug/m3, mean (SD)) | 88.80 (30.11) | 86.71 (21.18) | 88.21 (27.91) | <0.001 |
| PM2.5 (ug/m3, mean (SD)) | 52.64 (17.60) | 52.52 (13.26) | 52.61 (16.49) | 0.74 |
| PM1 (ug/m3, mean (SD)) | 42.22 (13.10) | 44.45 (13.70) | 42.85 (13.31) | <0.001 |
| NO2 (ppb, mean (SD)) | 28.36 (11.45) | 32.26 (14.48) | 29.46 (12.50) | <0.001 |
| Age (years, mean (SD)) | 62.62 (9.09) | 64.03 (9.74) | 63.02 (9.30) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2, mean (SD)) | 24.28 (5.41) | 23.42 (4.30) | 24.04 (5.14) | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.34 | |||
| Male (n, %) | 3667 (48.09) | 1405 (47.05) | 5072 (47.8) | |
| Female (n, %) | 3958 (51.91) | 1581 (52.95) | 5539 (52.2) | |
| Smoker | 0.17 | |||
| Ever (n, %) | 2623 (34.61) | 987 (33.21) | 3610 (34.21) | |
| Never (n, %) | 4956 (65.39) | 1985 (66.79) | 6941 (65.79) | |
| Alcohol | 0.80 | |||
| Ever (n, %) | 2341 (30.94) | 911 (30.68) | 3252 (30.87) | |
| Never (n, %) | 5225 (69.06) | 2,058 (69.32) | 7283 (69.13) | |
| Education | <0.001 | |||
| No formal education (n, %) | 1802 (23.63) | 847 (28.37) | 2649 (24.96) | |
| Primary school (n, %) | 3032 (39.76) | 1135 (38.01) | 4167 (39.27) | |
| Middle school (n, %) | 1470 (19.28) | 570 (19.09) | 2040 (19.23) | |
| High school or higher (n, %) | 1321(17.32) | 434 (14.53) | 1755 (16.54) | |
| Place of residence | <0.001 | |||
| Rural (n, %) | 4514 (59.2) | 1225 (41.02) | 5739 (54.09) | |
| Urban (n, %) | 3111 (40.8) | 1761 (58.98) | 4872 (45.91) | |
| Physical activity | <0.001 | |||
| Low level (n, %) | 2485 (32.78) | 828 (27.86) | 3313 (31.4) | |
| Moderate level (n, %) | 2073 (27.35) | 863 (29.04) | 2936 (27.82) | |
| High level (n, %) | 3022 (39.87) | 1281 (43.1) | 4303 (40.78) | |
| Nutrition | <0.001 | |||
| Insufficient intake (n, %) | 3278 (42.99) | 1455 (48.73) | 4733 (44.6) | |
| Sufficient intake (n, %) | 4347 (57.01) | 1531 (51.27) | 5878 (55.4) | |
| Type of fuel used at home | <0.001 | |||
| Clean (n, %) | 3795 (50.16) | 1785 (59.84) | 5580 (52.9) | |
| Unclean (n, %) | 3771 (49.84) | 1198 (40.16) | 4969 (47.1) | |
| History of Diabetes | 0.50 | |||
| Yes (n, %) | 467 (6.18) | 194 (6.54) | 661 (6.29) | |
| No (n, %) | 7084 (93.82) | 2772 (93.46) | 9856 (93.71) | |
| History of Hypertension | 0.09 | |||
| Yes (n, %) | 2069 (27.66) | 770 (26.01) | 2839 (27.19) | |
| No (n, %) | 5412 (72.34) | 2190 (73.99) | 7602 (72.81) | |
| History of Chronic lung diseases | 0.42 | |||
| Yes (n, %) | 618 (8.17) | 257 (8.66) | 875 (8) | |
| No (n, %) | 6942 (91.83) | 2711 (91.34) | 9653 (92) | |
PM10, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm; PM2.5, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm; PM1, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 1 μm and NO2 nitrogen dioxide. SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index.