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. 2020 Apr 29;17(9):3088. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093088

Table 4.

Results of the mixed-effects ANOVAs for the qualitative moderator variables on the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) estimates obtained from intra-tester and inter-session reliability of the Biering-Sorensen test.

Moderator Variables k ICC+ 95% CI ANOVA Results
ICC L ICCU
Reliability analysis was done with the same sample: QB (1) = 0.92, p = 0.338; R2 = 0.01
QW (25) = 217.83, p < 0.0001
Yes 24 0.88 0.81 0.92
No 3 0.77 0.26 0.94
Sex: 9 QB (2) = 5.98, p = 0.050; R2 = 0.27
QW (23) = 156.41, p < 0.0001
Males 2 0.88 0.77 0.94
Females 15 0.97 0.89 0.99
Males and females 0.83 0.72 0.89
Sample type: QB (1) = 3.73, p = 0.053; R2 = 0.18
QW (25) = 185.35, p < 0.0001
Children and adolescents 4 0.95 0.86 0.98
Adults 23 0.85 0.77 0.90
Target population: QB (1) = 0.24, p = 0.625; R2 = 0
QW (25) = 231.60, p < 0.0001
Asymptomatic 18 0.88 0.80 0.93
Clinical 9 0.85 0.69 0.93
Physical activity level: QB (1) = 0.78, p = 0.332; R2 = 0.03
QW (25) = 214.29, p < 0.0001
Sedentary 12 0.84 0.71 0.92
Recreationally active 15 0.89 0.81 0.94
Validated modification: QB (1) = 0.24, p = 0.626; R2 = 0
QW (25) = 222.31, p < 0.0001
Yes 17 0.86 0.76 0.92
No 10 0.89 0.78 0.95
Tool: QB (1) = 4.03, p = 0.045; R2 = 0.32
QW (25) = 158.11, p < 0.0001
Test bench 22 0.85 0.77 0.90
Roman chair 5 0.94 0.86 0.98
Hands position: QB (2) = 0.37, p = 0.828; R2 = 0
QW (24) = 217.66, p < 0.0001
Crossed on the chest 22 0.88 0.80 0.93
Along the body 3 0.87 0.55 0.97
At the level of the ears 2 0.80 0.23 0.96
Part of the body on the edge: QB (3) = 1.26, p = 0.738 4; R2 = 0
QW (23) = 212.02, p < 0.0001
Not reported 12 0.90 0.80 0.95
ASIS 6 0.88 0.68 0.95
Upper border of the iliac crest 6 0.85 0.62 0.95
Pubis 3 0.77 0.28 0.94
Test duration: QB (1) = 1.24, p = 0.264; R2 = 0.01
QW (25) = 212.46, p < 0.0001
Until exhaustion 25 0.88 0.82 0.93
Until 240 s 2 0.72 0.08 0.94
Position control instruments: QB (4) = 34.49, p < 0.0001; R2 = 0.69
QW (22) = 72.29, p < 0.0001
Visual 14 0.81 0.73 0.87
Inclinometer 5 0.83 0.67 0.91
Stadiometer 4 0.89 0.78 0.95
Light sensor 2 0.87 0.59 0.96
Plumb-line 2 0.99 0.98 0.99
Familiarization session: QB (1) = 12.09, p = 0.0005; R2 = 0.34
QW (25) = 151.63, p < 0.0001
Yes 6 0.96 0.92 0.98
No 20 0.82 0.73 0.88
Test conditions: QB (1) = 0.27, p = 0.605; R2 = 0
QW (25) = 222.08, p < 0.0001
Similar conditions 18 0.88 0.80 0.93
Unclear conditions 9 0.85 0.68 0.93
The profession of tester: QB (2) = 1.88, p = 0.389; R2 = 0.02
QW (23) = 205.35, p < 0.0001
Sports sciences 6 0.92 0.80 0.97
Physical therapy 17 0.86 0.76 0.92
Medicine 3 0.77 0.30 0.94
Continent: QB (1) = 0.0004, p = 0.984; R2 = 0
QW (24) = 226.96, p < 0.0001
Europe 16 0.88 0.78 0.93
America 10 0.88 0.74 0.94
Study objective: QB (1) = 0.02, p = 0.877; R2 = 0
QW (25) = 231.27, p < 0.0001
Psychometric 20 0.88 0.79 0.93
Not psychometric 7 0.86 0.67 0.95
Conflict of interest: QB (1) = 0.02, p = 0.896; R2 = 0
QW (25) = 232.67, p < 0.0001
No conflict 8 0.87 0.71 0.94
Not reported 19 0.88 0.79 0.93
COSMIN Risk of Bias check-list: QB (3) = 0.81, p = 0.848; R2 = 0
QW (23) = 223.47, p < 0.0001
Very good 6 0.85 0.62 0.94
Adequate 2 0.80 0.22 0.96
Doubtful 17 0.85 0.79 0.93
Inadequate 2 0.92 0.56 0.99

k: number of cohorts, ASIS: anterosuperior iliac spine, ANOVA: analysis of variance, ICC+: mean reliability coefficient, ICCL and ICCU: lower and upper 95% confidence limits for ICC+, QB: statistic for testing the statistical significance of the predictor variable, QW: statistic for testing the model misspecification, R2: proportion of variance explained by the predictor variable.