Table 3.

Summary of proteomic analyses of various crops exposed to different NPs.

NPs	Plant	Organ	Proteomic Technique	Protein Response	Ref *
Silver NPs	Soybean	Root	Gel-free (nanoLC–MS/MS)	Decreased proteins associated with secondary metabolism, cell organization, and hormone metabolism.	[119]
	Eruca sativa	Root	Gel-based (2-DE, nanoLC–nESI-MS/MS)	Altered endoplasmic reticulum and vacuolar proteins involved in sulfur metabolism.	[98]
	Wheat	Root	Gel-based (2-DE, LC–MS/MS)	Altered proteins involved in metabolism and cell defense.	[86]
	Soybean	Root	Gel-free (nanoLC–MS/MS)	Altered proteins associated with stress, cell metabolism, signaling.	[125]
	Soybean	Root, Hyp **	Gel-free (nanoLC–MS/MS)	Decreased protein synthesis with increased amino acid synthesis.	[93]
	Soybean	Root, Hyp **	Gel-free (nanoLC–MS/MS)	Increased protein degradation related proteins. Decreased protein synthesis associated proteins.	[122]
	Wheat	Shoot	Gel-free (nanoLC–MS/MS)	Increased proteins related to photosynthesis and protein synthesis. Decreased proteins linked to glycolysis, signaling, cell wall.	[121]
	Tobacco	Root, Leaf	Gel-based (2-DE, MALDI- TOF/TOF MS)	Altered abundance of root proteins involved in abiotic/biotic and oxidative stress responses. In leaf, proteins associated with photosynthesis markedly changed.	[131]
Aluminum oxide NPs	Soybean	Root, Hyp **	Gel-free (nanoLC–MS/MS)	Increased proteins related to protein synthesis, transport, and development during post- flooding recovery period.	[92]
	Soybean	Root, Hyp **	Gel-free (nanoLC–MS/MS)	Regulated the ascorbate/glutathione pathway and increased ribosomal proteins.	[120]
	Soybean	Root, Leaf	Gel-free (nanoLC–MS/MS)	Increased proteins involved in oxidation, stress signaling, and hormonal pathways.	[119]
	Soybean	Root, Hyp **	Gel-free (nanoLC–MS/MS)	Decreased energy metabolism and changed proteins related to glycolysis compared to flooding stress.	[125]
Copper NPs	Wheat	Shoot	Gel-free (nanoLC–MS/MS)	Increased proteins related to glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle.	[97]
	Wheat	Seed	Gel-free (nanoLC–MS/MS)	Increased proteins involved in starch degradation and glycolysis.	[103]
Iron NPs	Wheat	Shoot	Gel-free (nanoLC–MS/MS)	Decreased proteins linked to photosynthesis and protein metabolism.	[96]
	Wheat	Seed	Gel-free (nanoLC–MS/MS)	Increased proteins related to starch degradation, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle.	[103]
Zinc oxide NPs	Soybean	Root, Leaf	Gel-free (nanoLC–MS/MS)	Decreased proteins involved in oxidation- reduction, stress signaling, and hormonal pathways.	[119]
Cerium oxide NPs	Maize	Shoot	Gel-free (nanoLC–ESI-MS/MS)	Increased accumulation of heat shock protein. Increased ascorbate/ peroxidase/ catalase activity.	[130]

* Ref means reference; ** Hyp stands for Hypocotyl. Abbreviations: 2-DE, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; nESI, nanoelectro spray ionization; MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight.