Table 2.
Association between antibiotic consumption and sociodemographic, lifestyle and health status variables in Spanish people aged ≥ 65 years (n = 26,891) (2006–2017).
| Variables | Antibiotic Consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1328 | |||||
| n (%) | OR (CI 95%) | p-Value | ORa (CI 95%) | p-Value | |
| Year of the surveys | |||||
| 2006 | 247 (18.60) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 2009 | 181 (13.63) | 0.94 (0.77–1.15) | 0.56 | 0.85 (0.69–1.04) | 0.1 |
| 2011/2012 | 175 (13.18) | 0.71 (0.58–1.86) | 0.32 | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | 0.75 |
| 2014 | 357 (26.88) | 1.33 (1.13–1.57) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | 0.02 |
| 2017 | 368 (27.71) | 1.27 (0.67–1.49) | 0.08 | 1.17 (0.99–1.38) | 0.07 |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 511 (38.48) | Reference | 0.06 | ||
| Female | 817 (61.52) | 1.12 (0.99–1.25) | |||
| Age group (years) | |||||
| 65–74 | 663 (49.92) | Reference | |||
| 75–84 | 502 (37.81) | 1.00 (0.89–1.31) | 0.94 | ||
| ≥85 | 163 (12.27) | 1.03 (0.87–1.23) | 0.73 | ||
| Level of education | |||||
| Without studies | 613 (46.16) | Reference | |||
| Primary | 365 (27.49) | 1.21 (0.28–5.21) | 0.8 | ||
| Secondary or PT | 257 (19.35) | 1.76 (0.14–4.02) | 0.75 | ||
| University | 93 (7.00) | 3.43 (0.53–2.32) | 0.2 | ||
| Marital status | |||||
| Single | 124 (9.34) | Reference | |||
| Married | 713 (53.69) | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 0.17 | ||
| Widowed | 436 (32.83) | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 0.53 | ||
| Separated/Divorced | 55 (4.14) | 1.02 (0.81–1.27) | 0.87 | ||
| Nationality | |||||
| Spanish | 1302 (98.04) | Reference | 0.23 | ||
| Foreigner | 26 (1.96) | 1.27 (0.86–1.89) | |||
| Size of town of residence | |||||
| <10,000 inhab | 334 (25.15) | Reference | |||
| 10,000–100,000 inhab | 431 (32.46) | 1.17 (0.81–1.36) | 0.08 | ||
| >100,000 inhab | 563 (42.39) | 1.12 (0.98–1.29) | 0.1 | ||
| Body Mass Index | |||||
| Underweight | 15 (1.13) | Reference | |||
| Normal weight | 409 (30.80) | 1.04 (0.61–1.76) | 0.89 | ||
| Overweight | 551 (41.49) | 1.05 (0.62–1.77) | 0.86 | ||
| Obesity | 353 (26.58) | 1.34 (0.79–2.27) | 0.28 | ||
| Self-perceived health | |||||
| Very good | 49 (3.69) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Good | 296 (22.29) | 1.41 (1.04–1.91) | 0.03 | 1.25 (0.92–1.71) | 0.15 |
| Fair | 506 (38.10) | 2.79 (2.07–3.75) | <0.01 | 1.63 (1.19–2.23) | <0.01 |
| Poor | 360 (27.11) | 5.79 (4.27–7.84) | <0.01 | 2.34 (1.67–3.27) | <0.01 |
| Very poor | 117 (8.81) | 6.61 (4.67–9.32) | <0.01 | 2.14 (1.46–3.14) | <0.01 |
| Polypharmacy | <0.01 | ||||
| Yes | 659 (49.62) | Reference | <0.01 | Reference | |
| No | 669 (50.38) | 3.94 (3.52–4.41) | 2.57 (2.26–2.92) | ||
| Number of chronic diseases | |||||
| None | 218 (16.42) | Reference | |||
| 1–2 | 775 (58.36) | 1.79 (1.53–2.08) | <0.01 | ||
| ≥3 | 335 (25.22) | 3.25 (2.73–3.88) | <0.01 | ||
| Currently smoking | |||||
| Yes | 122 (9.19) | Reference | <0.01 | ||
| No | 1206 (90.81) | 0.75 (0.62–0.91) | |||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| Yes | 432 (32.53) | Reference | 0.06 | ||
| No | 896 (67.47) | 0.89 (0.79–1) | |||
| Hospitalization during the past twelve months | |||||
| Yes | 395 (29.74) | Reference | <0.01 | Reference | <0.01 |
| No | 933 (70.26) | 2.85 (2.52–3.23) | 1.89 (1.67–2.16) | ||
| Degree of limitation due to a health problem for at least six months | |||||
| Severely limited | 284 (21.39) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Limited but not severely | 586 (44.12) | 0.53 (0.46–0.62) | <0.01 | 0.81 (0.69–0.96) | <0.01 |
| Not at all limited | 458 (34.49) | 0.23 (0.20–0.27) | <0.01 | 0.67 (0.55–0.82) | <0.01 |
PT: Professional Training; Inhab: Inhabitants; OR: odds ratio; ORa: odds ratio adjusted for all sociodemographic, lifestyle and health status variables; CI 95%: 95% Confidence Interval; n: number of people consuming antibiotics. Nagelkerke’s R Square = 0.09.