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. 2020 May 14;32(18):1330–1347. doi: 10.1089/ars.2019.7803

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© Wusheng Xiao and Joseph Loscalzo 2020; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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FIG. 3. — Metabolic sources of NAD(H). In the cytosol, the interconversion of NAD⁺ and NADH is mediated by two enzymes GAPDH and LDH and by the alcohol metabolism enzymes ADH and ALDH. In the mitochondrial matrix, PDH, ME2, GLUD, and TCA cycle enzymes (IDH3, KGDH, and MDH2) contribute to NAD(H) production. 1,3-BPG, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase; ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; G-3-P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GLUD, glutamate dehydrogenase; GLUT, glucose transporter; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; KGDH, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MDH2, malate dehydrogenase 2; ME, malic enzyme; OAA, oxaloacetate; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; TCA, tricarboxylic acid.