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. 2020 May 14;32(18):1330–1347. doi: 10.1089/ars.2019.7803

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© Wusheng Xiao and Joseph Loscalzo 2020; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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FIG. 7. — Excess in NADPH or/and GSH levels triggers reductive stress. Increases in NADPH/NADP⁺ or/and GSH/GSSG due to increases in their production (e.g., G6PD overexpression, NRF-2 activation, Hsp27 overexpression, GCL overexpression, and lamin C mutation) or decreases in their consumption (e.g., overexpression of DN-NOX4) lead to reductive stress. DN-NOX4, dominant negative NADPH oxidase 4; Hsp27, heat shock protein 27; IR, ischemia/reperfusion; NRF-2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2.