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. 2020 May 2;21(9):3221. doi: 10.3390/ijms21093221

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released from dense granules during platelet activation. (B) Detection of activated platelets on platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) through bioluminescent assay. (C) PRF sample was observed under a fluorescence optical microscope. Based on bioluminescent intensity, the PRF could be equally divided into fibrin zone and platelet-rich zone. (D) The image brightness of bioluminescence was substituted into the ATP standard curve to determine the concentration of platelet-released ATP. The bars show the mean ± SD (n = 5) of each group. * p < 0.05.