Table 1.
Patients characteristics in patients with diabetes and prediabetes
| Overall | Diabetes | No diabetes+no prediabetes | P value | Prediabetes | No diabetes+no prediabetes | P value | |
| Overall | 992 | 67 (9%) | 678 (91%) | 247 (27%) | 678 (27%) | ||
| Male vs | 301 (30%) | 20 (9%) | 214 (91%) | 67 (22%) | 234 (78%) | ||
| Female | 691 (70%) | 47 (9%) | 464 (91%) | 0.928 | 180 (26%) | 511 (74%) | 0.205 |
| Age (years) | 36 (18–91) | 54 (19–91) | 34 (18–91) | <0.001* | 44 (18–89) | 33 (18–84) | <0.001* |
| BMI (kg/m2)‡ | 23 (14–53) | 27(16-48) | 24 (14–53) | 0.001* | 27 (15–47) | 24 (14–53) | <0.001* |
| BMI<18.5 | 76 (8%) | 6 (9.0%) | 53 (8%) | 0.858† | 17 (7%) | 53 (8%) | 0.689† |
| BMI 18.5–24.9 | 475 (48%) | 17 (25%) | 361 (53%) | <0.001† | 97 (39%) | 361 (53%) | <0.001† |
| BMI 25–29.9 | 236 (24%) | 22 (32%) | 158 (23%) | 0.199† | 56 (23%) | 158 (23%) | 0.789 |
| BMI≥30 | 202 (20%) | 22 (33%) | 103 (15%) | 0.002† | 77 (31%) | 103 (15%) | <0.001† |
| BP systolic (mm Hg)§ | 120 (70–286) | 140 (92–242) | 120 (70–286) | <0.001* | 132 (72–250) | 120 (70–286) | <0.001* |
| BP diastolic (mm Hg)¶ | 80 (36–150) | 90 (42–140) | 80 (36–140) | <0.001* | 80 (48–150) | 80 (36–140) | <0.001* |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 (3.9–14) | 7.2 (4.9–14) | 5.2 (3.9–5.6) | <0.001* | 5.9 (5.7–6.4) | 5.2 (3.9–5.6) | <0.001* |
| HbA1c<5.7% (<39 mmol/mol) | 682 (69%) | 3 (5%) | 678 (99%) | <0.001† | 0 (0%) | 678 (100%) | <0.001† |
| HbA1c 5.7%–6.49% (39–47 mmol/mol) | 253 (25%) | 6 (9%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001† | 247 (100%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001† |
| HbA1c≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol) | 57 (6%) | 57 (85%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001† | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1.0 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 127 (44–220) | 132 (68–153) | 128 (44–220) | 0.309* | 124 (60–168) | 128 (41–220) | 0.001* |
| Anemia (WHO)** | 333 (36%) | 18 (33%) | 216 (34%) | 0.883† | 99 (43%) | 216 (34%) | 0.016† |
| HIV positive†† | 63 (6%) | 3 (4%) | 23 (6%) | 0.789† | 18 (7%) | 42 (6%) | 0.548† |
| Acute infection‡‡ | 89 (9%) | 7 (10%) | 51 (8%) | 0.346† | 31 (13%) | 51 (8)% | 0.025† |
| History of smoking | 76 (8%) | 5 (7%) | 55 (8%) | 1.0† | 16 (6%) | 55 (8%) | 0.486† |
| ACR mg/g§§ | 7 (1–999) | 14 (2–852) | 6 (1–999) | <0.001* | 7 (2–353) | 6 (1–999) | 0.009* |
| Albuminuria ACR≥30 (mg/g) | 126 (13%) | 20 (30%) | 70 (10%) | <0.001* | 36 (15%) | 70 (10%) | 0.080* |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)¶¶ | 125 (5–220) | 110 (47–181) | 130 (5–220) | <0.001* | 117 (12–202) | 130 (5–220) | <0.001* |
| eGFR ≥90 (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 854 (88%) | 55 (82%) | 595 (92%) | 0.360† | 204 (83%) | 595 (88%) | 0.051† |
| eGFR 60–89 (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 94 (10%) | 9 (13%) | 52 (9%) | 0.160† | 33 (13%) | 52 (8%) | 0.014† |
| eGFR <60 (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 24 (2%) | 3 (4%) | 13 (2%) | 0.176† | 8 (3%) | 13 (2%) | 0.318† |
Data are displayed as counts and (per cent) or median and (range).
*Mann-Whitney-U (rank sum) test.
†Fisher’s exact test.
‡BMI: underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2), obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2) were defined according to WHO BMI reference standards.
§BP systolic: blood pressure systolic.
¶BP diastolic: blood pressure diastolic.
**Anemia according to WHO:25 <120g/L female, <130g/L male.
††HIV positive: 42 patients were diagnosed with HIV by testing within the study, 21 patients had a history of HIV, and 19 of them were on antiretroviral therapy.
‡‡Acute infection: acute systemic infection/inflammation or possible UTI, that is, body temperature of ≥38.5°C (armpit), acute malaria, acute TB, leukocyte count >20/HPF in urinary sediment or newly positive tested HIV cases.
§§ACR: albumin-to-creatinine ratio; Albuminuria: ACR≥30 mg/g.
¶¶eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate with CKD-EPI formula.20
BMI, body mass index; CKD-EPI, chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration; TB, tuberculosis; UTI, urinary tract infection.