Table 1.
Evidence of enhanced disease in SARS-CoV-1 vaccine candidates.
| Animal Model | Vaccine | Adjuvant | Immunopathology | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Murine1 | VEE Replicon Particles expressing N protein | – | YES | Deming 2006 |
| Murine2 | Recombinant Vaccinia virus expressing N protein | – | YES | Yasui 2008 |
| Murine3 | Inactivated Whole Virus | Alum | YES | Bolles 2011 |
| – | YES | |||
| Murine4 | Replicon Particles expressing S protein | – | YES | Sheahan 2011 |
| Murine5 | Inactivated Whole Virus and S protein vaccines | Alum | YES | Tseng 2012 |
| – | YES | |||
| Ferret6 | Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (rMVA) expressing S protein | – | YES† | Weingartl 2004 |
| NHP7 | Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus encoding full-length S protein | – | YES | Liu 2019 |
| Passive anti-S sera | N/A | YES | ||
| NHP7 | Inactivated Whole Virus | – | YES | Wang 2016/2020 |
| Passive Human SARS Antiserum | N/A | YES |
1
Young and senescent female BALB/c mice.
2
BALB/c mice.
3
Aged BALB/c mice.
4
Young and aged BALB/c mice.
5
Female BALB/c mice.
6
Mustela putorius furo, castrated males.
7
Chinese rhesus macaque.
†
Acute hepatitis.