| Propionibacterium |
Associated with growth inhibition and spread of S. aureus. |
Shu et al. (2013) |
Involved in early gut colonization in breastfeed infants. Best natural producer of propionate and lactate. |
Rocha Martin et al. (2019) |
|
Propionibacterium mitigates intestinal inflammation via Th17 cell regulation and maintenance of T-cells and IL-10 in infants fed with breast milk. |
Colliou et al. (2017), Morrow et al. (2013)
|
Prepares the gut environment for late colonizers such as Faecalibacterium and Coprococcus, which depend on the presence of SCFA. |
Morrow et al. (2013) |
| Protective factor against the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. |
Colliou et al. (2017) |
| Sphingomonadaceae |
Modulation and maintenance of the immune response. |
D’Auria et al. (2013) |
Colonizer of the breast ductal system and mammary tissue. |
Chan et al. (2016) |
| Potent stimulator of NK cells and cytokine release through its glycosphingolipids. |
Long et al. (2007) |
Ability to degrade aromatic hydrocarbons mainly associated with breast cancer. |
Urbaniak et al. (2014) |
| Clostridiaceae |
Promotes the protection against chemically induced colitis through the development of FOXP3+ T Reg cells in mice. |
Atarashi et al. (2011) |
Associated with carbohydrate metabolism by pentose metabolism. |
Cynkin & Delwiche (1958) |
| Protection against IgE-mediated disease. |
Kamada et al. (2013), Morrison & Preston, 2016
|
Butyrate producer. |
Morrison & Preston (2016) |
| Promotes the generation of Th17 cells in mice by stimulating IL-6 and IL-23. |
Atarashi et al. (2011) |
| Staphylococcus |
Development of the neonatal immune system. |
Lundell et al. (2009) |
First colonizer of the gut tract in the first month by overexpression of adhesion-related genes. |
Martín et al. (2012) |
| Super antigen function stimulates the systemic secretion of IgA in neonates, protecting against allergies. |
Martín et al. (2012) |
Ability to degrade high concentration of oligosaccharides in human milk. |
Duncan et al. (2002), Urbaniak et al. (2016)
|
| Bifidobacterium |
The pili and extracellular polysaccharides promote the modulation of the infant immune system without causing an adverse inflammatory response. Induction of T-reg cells via butyric acid and propionic acid in mouse models and cell lines. |
Turroni et al. (2010) |
Exceptional capacity to participate in the saccharolytic fermentation of carbohydrates, which end −products that positively affect host cells and gut bacterial community. |
Tanaka & Nakayama (2017) |
| Decrease the incidence of allergies. |
Bottacini, Van Sinderen & Ventura (2017) |
Early gut colonizer, with high capacity to persist and to colonize. |
Turroni et al. (2010) |
