Table 1.
Characteristics of the study subjects. Obese subjects were analyzed before bariatric surgery (pre) and six months after bariatric surgery (post) (20). Control and subjects for cold exposure study were analyzed at one timepoint (2)
| Study 1 | Study 2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Obese Non-T2DM | Obese T2DM | Cold | |||||
| Pre | Post | Change, % | Pre | Post | Change, % | |||
| N (F/M) | 9 (7/2) | 14 (13/1) | 9 (6/3) | 11 (8/3) | ||||
| Age | 46.8 (2.0) | 43.1 (2.5) | 53.2 (1.5) | 40.6 (2.8) | ||||
| Weight, kg | 69.5 (2.3) | 120.7 (3.1) | 93.7 (3.3)*** | -22.4 (1.6) | 121.5 (3.1) | 92.5 (4.9)*** | -24.1 (2.3) | 64.6 (4.1) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.7 (0.7) | 44.1 (1.1) | 34.3 (1.1)*** | -22.2 (1.7) | 41.5 (0.8) | 31.5 (1.2)*** | -24.1 (2.3) | 23.1 (0.9) |
| waist-to-hip ratio | 0.84 (0.04) | 0.89 (0.02) | 0.88 (0.02) | -0.9 (1.7) | 0.95 (0.04) | 0.92 (0.04) | -2.9 (1.7) | 0.83 (0.03) |
| SAT, kg | 5.1 (0.6) | 21.3 (1.1) | 14.4 (1.0)** | -33.3 (3.4) | 17.8 (1.3) | 10.9 (1.1)* | -39.8 (2.3) | n/a |
| VAT, kg | 1.8 (0.3) | 3.7 (0.4) | 2.2 (0.3)** | -40.5 (3.7) | 4.6 (0.3) | 2.8 (0.4)* | -40.4 (8.7) | n/a |
| fP-Glucose, mmol/L | 5.4 (0.1) | 5.3 (0.4) | 5.2 (0.1) | -8.0 (2.3) | 7.1 (0.7) | 5.8 (0.2)* | -15.7 (5.2) | 5.2 (0.1) |
| HbA1c, % | 5.7 (0.1) | 5.6 (0.1) | 5.5 (0.1)* | -2.7 (1.0) | 6.5 (0.2) | 5.8 (0.1)** | -9.7 (3.4) | n/a |
| HOMA index | 1.5 (0.3) | 4.1 (0.6) | 1.3 (0.2)** | -62.7 (8.0) | 8.1 (3.6) | 2.0 (0.3)** | -60.3 (6.5) | 1.2 (0.3) |
| M value, µmol/min/kg | 41.0 (3.3) | 13.0 (1.6) | 26.0 (2.8)** | 102.8 (19.1) | 11.9 (1.9) | 20.9 (2.4)* | 100.4 (32.9) | 49.1 (6.9) |
| CTX, ng/mL | 0.37 (0.07) | 0.30 (0.05) | 0.70 (0.07)** | 216.2 (57.0) | 0.24 (0.06) | 0.81 (0.17)* | 381.6 (119.1) | n/a |
| PINP, ng/mL | 35,7 (4.8) | 40.0 (5.4) | 68.1 (6.1)* | 101.6 (24.7) | 36.6 (5.9) | 67.6 (8.9)* | 134.5 (54.2) | n/a |
| Osteocalcin, ng/mL | 7.3 (0.5) | 5.0 (0.5) | 8.9 (0.7)** | 91.7 (15.2) | 4.5 (0.6) | 7.9 (1.2)* | 101.6 (38.5) | n/a |
Data are presented as mean (SEM). Postvalues have been compared to prevalues and statistically significant P-values for Wilcoxon test are shown (***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P<0.05). Obese non-T2DM group and obese T2DM group did not differ from each other preoperatively (Mann–Whitney U test P > 0.05) except for age, which was higher in the T2DM group (P = 0.016). Significances between controls and morbidly obese are not indicated, as most of the parameters differed.
Abbreviations: HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; n/a, not available.